AP EURO - Chapter 13 - Reformations & Religious Wars (1500-1600)

Erasmus

A Dutch Renaissance humanist, theologian, and scholar known for his critiques of the Catholic Church and his emphasis on education and classical learning. He is best known for his work "In Praise of Folly" which satirized the Church's practices.

Pilgrimages

Journeys to sacred sites for religious devotion and penance.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy and their influence, particularly in religious and political matters. It often called for reforms in the Church and critiqued the moral and spiritual authority of the clergy.

Absenteeism

The practice of clergy members neglecting their duties by being absent from their parishes while still receiving their salaries, often leading to corruption and a lack of pastoral care.

Benefices

positions in the Church from which income could be drawn, often without fulfilling the duties.

Martin Luther

A German theologian and key figure in the Protestant Reformation who challenged the Catholic Church's practices, notably through his Ninety-Five Theses, leading to the establishment of Lutheranism and significant religious changes in Europe.

Pope Leo X

Renaissance pope who excommunicated Martin Luther and was a major patron of the arts, commissioning works from artists like Raphael.

Albert of Mainz

a significant figure in the early Reformation, known for his role in selling indulgences and for being the Bishop of Mainz.

Indulgence

A grant by the Catholic Church that allows for the reduction of punishment for sins, often sold to raise funds for the Church.

“treasury of merits”

The belief in a reserve of good deeds accumulated by Christ and the saints, from which indulgences could be granted to reduce personal punishment for sins.

Johann Tetzel

A Dominican friar and preacher known for his active promotion of indulgences during the early Reformation, particularly in Germany. Tetzel's famous slogan was "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

95 Theses

A list of propositions for debate written by Martin Luther in 1517, criticizing the sale of indulgences and other Church practices, which sparked the Protestant Reformation.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation, he ruled over vast territories and sought to maintain Catholic unity against Protestant reformers. Charles V confronted Martin Luther and called for the Diet of Worms in 1521.

Diet of Worms

An imperial council convened in 1521 where Martin Luther was asked to recant his writings. Luther's refusal to withdraw his criticisms of the Church solidified his stance in the Reformation.

Ulrich Zwingli

A Swiss reformer and contemporary of Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli led the Reformation in Zurich, advocating for a break from the Catholic Church and promoting reforms based on scripture.

Diet of Speyer

An assembly of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in 1526, where the various princes and rulers debated issues of religion, leading to significant decisions regarding Protestantism and Catholicism.

Salvation

The deliverance from sin and its consequences, often represented in Christian doctrine as a gift from God through faith in Jesus Christ.

Sacraments

Rituals considered essential to Christian faith, typically including baptism and communion.

Priesthood of all believers

A theological concept proposed by Martin Luther, asserting that all Christians have direct access to God without the need for priestly mediation, emphasizing the equality of all believers in faith.

Eucharist

A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed as the body and blood of Christ.

Colloquy of Marburg

A meeting in 1529 where Protestant leaders discussed the significance of the Eucharist and aimed to unify their stances, ultimately leading to a division between Lutherans and Zwinglians.

Elector of Saxony

A title held by the ruler of Saxony, who was a significant supporter of Martin Luther and played a vital role in the Protestant Reformation.

Anabaptists

A Christian movement that believes in adult baptism, emphasizing a personal decision to follow Christ and advocating for the complete separation of church and state.

Munster

A city in Germany known for the Anabaptist takeover in 1534, which led to a radical religious experiment and subsequent siege by Protestant and Catholic forces.

Convents

Religious communities for women, dedicated to a spiritual life and often involved in education and charity.

Maximilian I

Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 to 1519, known for expanding the power of the Habsburg dynasty and strengthening the empire's political structure.

Imperial Diet

An assembly of representatives from the Holy Roman Empire's various territories, convened to discuss and make decisions on legislative and political matters.

Augsburg Confession

A document that was a fundamental statement of Lutheran faith, presented to the Imperial Diet in 1530.

Schmalkaldic League

A defensive alliance of Protestant princes within the Holy Roman Empire, formed in 1531 to protect against the Catholic forces and the Holy Roman Emperor.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty signed in 1555 that allowed each prince in the Holy Roman Empire to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism for their territory, aiming to bring religious peace.

Catherine of Aragon

First wife of Henry VIII of England and mother of Mary I, her marriage was annulled by Henry, leading to England's break from the Catholic Church.

Anne Boleyn

The second wife of King Henry VIII of England and mother of Queen Elizabeth I, executed in 1536 on trumped up charges of treason.

Pope Clement VII

The Pope during the reign of Henry VIII, known for refusing to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which contributed to the English Reformation.

Thomas Cromwell

A key figure in the English Reformation, Thomas Cromwell served as Chief Minister to Henry VIII and played a significant role in the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and the establishment of the Church of England. He was executed in 1540 because of his political enemies and accusations of treason.

Thomas Cranmer

The Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Henry VIII, Thomas Cranmer was a leading figure in the English Reformation, authoring the Book of Common Prayer and supporting the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Pilgrimage of Grace

A popular uprising in 1536 in Northern England protesting against the English Reformation and the dissolution of monasteries. The movement sought to restore Catholic practices and was ultimately suppressed by Henry VIII's forces.

Edward VI

The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward VI was the king of England from 1547 until his death in 1553. His reign was marked by significant Protestant reforms and the further establishment of the Church of England, aligning with his father's break from the Catholic Church.

Book of Common Prayer

A liturgical text used in the Church of England, it contains the forms of service and prayers for public worship, first published in 1549 under the direction of Thomas Cranmer.

Mary Tudor

The daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Mary Tudor was queen of England from 1553 to 1558. Her reign is noted for her attempts to restore Roman Catholicism and the persecution of Protestants, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary."

Philip II

The King of Spain and husband of Mary Tudor, Philip II was a staunch supporter of Catholicism and sought to restore Roman Catholicism in England during his marriage to Mary. His reign saw conflict with Protestant territories and the continuation of religious tensions.

Puritans

A group of English Protestants in the late 16th and early 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from Catholic practices. They advocated for simpler forms of worship and church governance.

Anglican Church

A Christian denomination that emerged from the Protestant Reformation in England, the Anglican Church upholds a middle way between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, characterized by a blend of Catholic traditions and Reformed theology.

Mary, Queen of Scots

The queen of Scotland who was a significant figure in the struggle for succession to the English throne. Her reign was marked by political intrigue, her rivalry with Elizabeth I, and her eventual execution for plotting against the English queen.

Spanish Armada

A fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England, which was defeated by the English navy and adverse weather, marking a turning point in naval power and halting Spanish ambitions in England.

Geneva

A city in Switzerland known for its role in the Protestant Reformation and as the home of John Calvin, who established a theocracy that influenced Reformed churches.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

A foundational theological work by John Calvin outlining his doctrines of Protestantism, particularly those concerning predestination and the governance of the church.

Predestination

The doctrine that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save, a key tenet in Calvinist theology that emphasizes God's sovereignty in salvation.

Elect

Refers to individuals who, according to the doctrine of predestination, have been chosen by God for salvation and eternal life. This concept is central to Calvinist beliefs.

Consistory

A governing body in Calvinist churches, tasked with maintaining church discipline and moral conduct among members of the congregation.

John Knox

A Scottish Protestant reformer and a leader of the Reformation in Scotland, John Knox was instrumental in establishing Presbyterianism and advocating for reforms based on Calvinist principles.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, ruling from 1520 to 1566, known for significant territorial expansion and cultural achievements.

Magyar

A term referring to the ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary, known for their language and cultural traditions.

Pope Paul III

A key figure of the Counter-Reformation, Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent and initiated significant reforms within the Catholic Church.

Holy Office

An institution of the Catholic Church responsible for investigating and prosecuting cases of heresy and maintaining doctrinal orthodoxy, notably active during the Counter-Reformation.

Roman Inquisition

The Roman Inquisition was a tribunal established by the Catholic Church to combat heresy, ensuring adherence to Church doctrine during the Counter-Reformation.

Index of Forbidden Books

A list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Catholic Church, which Catholics were forbidden to read or possess.

Council of Trent

A key ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, convened in response to the Protestant Reformation, it aimed to clarify Church doctrines and reform church practices.

Carmelite order

A religious order within the Catholic Church, founded in the 12th century, that emphasizes contemplative prayer and a life of solitude, associated with the reformist movement led by figures like Saint Teresa of Ávila.

Ursulines

A religious order founded in 1535 dedicated to the education of girls and the care of the sick, named after Saint Ursula.

Jesuits

A religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola, dedicated to education, missionary work, and upholding the Catholic faith during the Counter-Reformation.

Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish priest and theologian, founder of the Jesuit order, known for his spiritual exercises and commitment to education and missionary work.

Francis I

The King of France from 1515 to 1547, known for his support of the arts and establishment of a strong central government. He was a key figure in the Italian Wars and played a significant role in the early stages of the Reformation.

Huguenots

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin, often involved in religious conflicts with Catholics in France.

Catherine de’ Medici

Queen of France and wife of Henry II, known for her influence during the religious wars in France and efforts to maintain stability in a divided nation. Also known for approving the assassination of Protestant leaders which lead to the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572.

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A targeted killing of Huguenots in France on August 24, 1572, instigated by Catherine de’ Medici, which resulted in thousands of deaths and heightened the conflict between Catholics and Protestants.

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Protestant leader who became King of France and established the Edict of Nantes, granting religious tolerance to Huguenots. Switched religions multiple times to maintain political power and ultimately converted to Catholicism to secure his reign. Famous for saying “Paris is worth a mass.”

Politique

A political leader who prioritizes state stability and pragmatism over strict adherence to religious ideologies, often seeking compromise in the context of religious wars.

Edict of Nantes

A decree issued in 1598 by Henry IV of France, granting substantial rights and protections to Huguenots, enabling them to worship freely and hold public office, while seeking to bring peace to a divided France.

“Council of Blood”

A court established by Duke of Alva in the Low Countries to suppress dissent against Spanish rule, known for its brutal repression and executions.

Union of Utrecht

A 1579 agreement that united several northern provinces of the Netherlands in their struggle for independence from Spanish rule, marking a key step towards Dutch independence.