Motivation/Emotion

AP Psychology Module 4.7a, 4.7b, 4.8a & 4.8b

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throghout a species and is unlearned

Instinct theory

Replaced by evolutionary perspective; genetically predisposed behaviors that cannot be unlearned and has been genetically imprinted

Psysiological need

a basic bodily requirement

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a psysiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need; when we want something, our main goal is to reduce that want (mainly by getting it)

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

arousal theory

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation; we are bored and we want something that stimulates our brain

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that performance increase with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Maslow’s hierachy of needs

Human prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning

Instinct/Evolutionary Motivation Theory Weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it names behaviors as instinct as opposed to explaining the motivation for the behaviors

Drive-Reduction Motivation Theory Weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it doesn’t explain motivation behind certain behaviors such as curiosity or risk taking. It also doesn’t incorporate anything to do with external incentives

Incentive Motivation Theory Weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it doesn’t explain all behaviors. Not all behaviors give back a reward in return so this theory doesn’t explain any altruistic behaviors

arousal motivation theory’s weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it doesn’t explain some biological motivations

Maslow’s Hierachy of Need’s Motivation Theory Weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it’s hard to prove that it works. The study is hard to prove by fact since it’s more objective

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

We strive to hold all of our attitudes and behaviors in harmony and we try not to have an in balance

Cognitive Dissonance Theory’s weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it cannot be measured.

Drive

A psychological process that directs and maintains behavior towards a goal

Primary Drive

drives that are innate such as hunger, thirst and sex

Secondary Drive

drives that are leanred through conditioning such as working for money

Intrinsic Motivation

The act of doing something without any obvious external rewards

Extrinsic Motivation

reward-driven behavior; rewards or other incentives such as praise, fame, or money

Overjustification Effect

a phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action

Self-Efficacy

a person’s belif in his or her ability to complete a future task of solve a future problem

Achievement Motivation

an individual’s need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback and experience a sense of accomplishment

affiliation need

the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

self-determination theory

we strive to satisfy our need for competence, autonomy and releatedness

extrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior to recieve promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

ostracism

deliberate social exlucsion of individuals or groups

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

spillover effect

arousal from one activity will continue even after you finish said activity