2810 Mid

Fundamental instrument skills (CIA)

Instrument Cross-check; Instrument Interpretation; Aircraft Control

Instrument cross-check

The pilot's continuous scan of all instruments to make sure they are working correctly

Instrument interpretation

Using info from the cross-check to decide the proper adjustments for the desired flight path

Aircraft control

The pilot executes the adjustments and the aircraft responds

Selected radial scan (hub and spoke)

Eyes start at the attitude indicator (home base) and go to one instrument and back; eyes are on the attitude indicator 80-90% of the time

Best uses of the radial scan

After major attitude changes; in turbulence; and for precise maneuvering

Fixation

Cross-check error: staring and only looking at one instrument

Omission

Cross-check error: missing instruments in your scan

Emphasis

Cross-check error: looking at all instruments but looking at one or a couple more often or for longer than others

Control and performance method

Divide instruments into control and performance instruments; set control instruments then check performance instruments and adjust

Control instruments

Attitude indicator; tachometer; manifold pressure gauge

Performance instruments

Airspeed indicator; altimeter; vertical speed indicator; heading indicator; turn coordinator

Navigation instruments

COMMS; NAV; MFD

Steps of control and performance method

1) Set control instruments for the desired flight path 2) Use trim 3) Check performance instruments 4) Adjust control instruments if needed

Takeoff climb example (76 knots)

Full power with pitch of 10-14 degrees; trim to hold pitch; crab into wind; airspeed should be near 76 and VSI and altimeter should show a climb

Primary and supporting method

Divide instruments into pitch; bank; and power; identify the primary instrument for each and use the rest to support it

Pitch instruments

Airspeed indicator; altimeter; vertical speed indicator; attitude indicator

Bank instruments

Heading indicator; turn coordinator; attitude indicator

Power instruments

Airspeed indicator; tachometer; manifold pressure

Level standard rate turn primary instruments

Pitch: altimeter; Bank: turn coordinator; Power: airspeed indicator

Gyroscopic instruments

Attitude indicator; heading indicator; turn coordinator

Rigidity in space

A spinning gyro with a heavy rim tends to remain fixed in the plane in which it is spinning

Precession

When an outside force tries to tilt a spinning gyro it reacts as if the force was applied 90 degrees ahead in the direction of rotation

Attitude indicator operation

Vacuum-driven horizontally mounted gyro with pitch and roll gimbals; the gyro stays level while the aircraft moves around it

Pendulous vanes (attitude indicator)

4 small doors on the bottom of the gyro housing that open and close and shoot air out to prevent the gyro from precessing

Attitude indicator errors

Less than 5 degree bank error after a 180 degree turn; acceleration gives slight pitch-up indication; deceleration gives slight pitch-down indication

Attitude indicator tumble limits

Tumbles past 60 degrees of pitch or 100 degrees of bank

Heading indicator operation

Vertically mounted gyro with 2 gimbals that drives gears and linkages to move the compass card

Slaved gyro

A heading indicator gyro that automatically seeks north so it does not need to be aligned

Unslaved gyro

A heading indicator gyro that must be manually aligned to the magnetic compass before and during flight

Heading indicator errors

Must be realigned to the magnetic compass about every 15 minutes; tumbles past 60 degrees of pitch or 100 degrees of bank

Turn coordinator

Uses precession to show rate of roll and rate of turn; ball in fluid shows quality of the turn; single gimbal gyro canted 30 degrees

Standard rate turn

3 degrees per second

Standard rate bank angle formula

Bank angle = (TAS / 10) + 5

Turn and slip indicator

Older and less common; shows only rate of turn; gyro mounted on the longitudinal axis

Turn coordinator error check

Check the flag to make sure the instrument is operating correctly

Slipping turn

Tail moves the same way as the turn; nose yaws to the outside of the turn

Skidding turn

Tail moves opposite the direction of the turn; nose yaws to the inside of the turn

Pitot-static instruments

Airspeed indicator; altimeter; vertical speed indicator

Pitot-static sources

Ram air from the pitot tube and static air from the static port

Archer pitot setup

Pitot mast on the right wing

Cessna pitot setup

Pitot tube on the wing and static port on the fuselage

Airspeed indicator operation

Compares ram air (sent to the diaphragm) with static air (sent around the case) to show the pressure difference

ICETG

Indicated; Calibrated; Equivalent; True; Ground (types of airspeed)

Indicated airspeed

Airspeed read directly off the indicator

Calibrated airspeed

Indicated airspeed corrected for installation error

True airspeed

Actual speed through undisturbed air; corrected for nonstandard temperature and pressure

Equivalent airspeed

Calibrated airspeed corrected for air compressibility at high altitude

Ground speed

Speed over the ground; true airspeed corrected for wind

Mach

Speed as a ratio to the speed of sound (about 661 knots)

Altimeter operation

Uses only static air; sealed aneroid wafers expand as pressure drops in a climb and contract as pressure rises in a descent

Indicated altitude

Altitude read off the instrument when set to the correct altimeter setting

Altimeter setting requirement

Must be set to the correct pressure from an airport within 100 NM of your position

Calibrated altitude

Indicated altitude corrected for installation error

Pressure altitude

Altitude read when the altimeter is set to 29.92 in Hg (1013.2 mb)

Density altitude

Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature; high density altitude means worse performance

True altitude

Actual height above mean sea level (MSL)

Absolute altitude

Actual height above the Earth's surface (AGL)

Standard temperature

15 degrees C or 59 degrees F

Standard pressure

29.92 in Hg or 1013.2 mb

Standard lapse rate

2 degrees C per 1000 ft

Altimeter error: warmer than standard

Altimeter indicates lower than actual altitude

Altimeter error: colder than standard

Altimeter indicates higher than actual altitude

Altimeter error: high to low pressure

Without adjusting the altimeter it reads higher than actual altitude

Altimeter error: low to high pressure

Without adjusting the altimeter it reads lower than actual altitude

Vertical speed indicator operation

Uses only static air; air goes directly into the diaphragm (trend) and into the case through a calibrated leak (rate)

VSI errors

Unclear indication in turbulence; takes 6-9 seconds to stabilize and show the rate of climb or descent

Vacuum failure effects

Attitude and heading indicators fail; vacuum suction drops to zero; CAS message or annunciator appears

Vacuum failure actions

Turn on the backup pump if installed

Vacuum pump shear drive

Disconnects the pump from the engine if it seizes so it does not damage the engine

Blocked pitot tube (ram air only)

Only the airspeed is affected and it drops to zero

Blocked pitot tube and drain hole (static clear)

Airspeed indicator acts as an altimeter: increases in a climb and decreases in a descent

Blocked static port effects

Airspeed reads over in a descent and under in a climb; altimeter freezes at last altitude; VSI freezes at zero

Alternate static source effects

Altimeter reads slightly higher; airspeed reads slightly faster; VSI shows a momentary climb

No alternate static available

Break the glass on the vertical speed indicator to let static pressure into the system

IFR preflight: airspeed

Reads zero unless in a strong headwind

IFR preflight: altimeter

Within 75 feet of field elevation when set to the current altimeter setting

IFR preflight: VSI

Should read zero; if not the ground reading becomes the new zero

IFR preflight: attitude indicator

Erect within 5 minutes and never more than 5 degrees of pitch or bank on the ground

IFR preflight: turn coordinator

Wings level with ball full of fluid; wings go with the turn and ball goes opposite to the turn

IFR preflight: heading indicator

Aligns with compass or known heading and does not precess more than 3 degrees in 15 minutes

Magnetic compass

Self-contained direct-reading instrument that aligns with Earth's magnetic field and is suspended in fluid (kerosene)

DVMONA

Deviation; Variation; Magnetic dip; Oscillation; North/South turning errors; Acceleration/deceleration errors (compass errors)

Compass deviation

Error caused by magnetic interference from metal and equipment in the aircraft

Compass variation

Angular difference between true north and magnetic north (isogonic lines)

Magnetic dip

Compass magnets try to point three-dimensionally and dip toward the poles

Compass oscillation

Hard to read in turbulence and rough movement

UNOS

Undershoot North; Overshoot South (compass turning error)

ANDS

Accelerate North; Decelerate South (compass acceleration error)

G1000 PFD

Primary flight display: attitude in the center; airspeed left; altimeter right; VSI right of altimeter; HSI over heading indicator

Slip/skid on the PFD

Shown as a trapezoid at the top of the attitude indicator

G1000 MFD

Multifunction display: moving map; engine instruments; weather; instrument charts; traffic

AHRS

Attitude Heading Reference System; uses MEMS gyros and magnetometers; shows red X's over affected instruments if it detects a problem

AHRS location

Behind the PFD screen near the firewall

MEMS gyro

Micro-Electrical Mechanical System; tiny plates and sensors on springs that a computer uses to determine attitude and heading

Magnetometer

Automatic north-seeking device that replaces the magnetic compass; located at the wingtips away from interference

Number of magnetometers

2: one for the PFD and one for the standby instrument

Air Data Computer (ADC)

Takes ram air; static air; and temperature probe data and sends airspeed; altitude; VSI; and outside air temp to the PFD

ADC failure indication

Red X's on the altimeter and airspeed indicator and a yellow X on the VSI

ADC location

Aft of the baggage compartment