1.2 KINESE- the skeletal system

4 primary tissues of the body

Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue, Epithelial tissue, and connective tissue

Types of connective tissue

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

Organ

a structure that has a specific function for the body and has two to four primary tissues

Systems

A group of organs that work together on the same function

The skeletal system

composed of the bones, connected cartilage, ligaments, and joints that connect all the bones together

Calcium Salts

the inorganic main composition of bones that give bones compressive strength

Compressive strength

the ability to resist forces that crush bone

Collagen fibers

Organic material that gives bone tensile strength

Tensile strength

the ability for the bone to resist being pulled apart

osteoblasts

unit that makes new bone

osteoclasts

unit that breaks down the bones

bone resorption

the action of breaking down and removing bone

Functions of bone

Support, Protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage

types of bone

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

Long Bone

tubular in shape and much longer than they are wide (bone)

short bone

cubical, found in hands and feet (bone)

irregular bone

complex and varied in shape (bone)

flat bone

thin and flat, sometimes slightly curved (bone)

sesamoid bone

bones that form within a tendon

Compact bone*

outer layer of dense bone, provides strength

cancellous bone*

inner layer of less dense bone

trabeculae*

open spaces between thin processes of bone that correspond to the pressures/stress put upon bone (forms latticework)

Diaphysis

the shaft of the bone

Medullary cavity*

cavity housed in the diaphysis that holds marrow

Endosteum*

the membrane lining the medullary cavity

Epiphysis

made up of the cancellous bone encased in the compact bone, the top of the bone

Articular surface

the surface that comes directly in contact with another bone to form a joint

Periosteum*

outer layer where blood vessels attach

ossification

hardening of bone

osteoporosis

loss of bone, brittleness of bone

osteoarthritis

loss of cartilage in the joints, loss of smoothness in our joints

Wolffs Law

the concept that a HEALTHY body will adapt to the loads it is put under

Female athlete triad

Low Energy availability, Menstrual Dysfunction, Low bone density

Axial Skeleton

Skull, Vertebral column, Sternum, and the 12 Ribs

Trochanter

a large projection

Tuberosity

medium-large projections

Tubercles

small projections

Malleolus

A rounded projection

Spine

A sharp projection

Fossa

a hollow or deression

Foramen

hole/passage through the bone

condyle

rounded projection serving as a point of articulation

Facet

flat articulation point

Head

Spherical projection that goes into a joint, narrows into a neck

crest

a large ridge to which muscles attach

epicondyle

eminence located above a condyle

Function of joints

to hold bones together and provide movement between bones

Fibrous joint

a joint with fibers to keep it together, shouldn’t move

Cartilagenous Joint

a joint that supports shock and is held together by cartilage

Synovial joint

a freely movable joint

Joint capsule

sleeve like structure that surrounds the joint

Synovial membrane

inner membrane that produces synovial fluid

joint cavity

small space between bones in a synovial joint that is encased by the joint capsule

Synovial fluid

Fluid within your joints that helps lubricate your joints

gliding joint

non axial, found in wrist or feet

uniaxial joints

around single axis, found in hinge or pivot joints

byaxial joints

egg shaped that fits into concave surface

stability

ability to withstand forces

mobility

range of motion allowed at a joint

Flexibilty

functional capacity of movement according to you muscles, ligaments, and bones

Sprain

injury to the ligament

open kinematic chain

a kinematic chain where the distal ends are free to move

closed kinematic chain

a kinematic chain where the distal ends cannot move and are fixed

Bursa

tiny fluid filled sacs that serve as tiny ball bearings at high friction points

Fat pads

fatty tissue that aids with cushioning and shock

tendon sheath

synovial tissue used to protect tendons

retinaculum

connective tissue that runs horizontally to your tendons

Labrum

a part of a fibrocartilage disc that suctions and lubricates in the hip/shoulder

meniscus

a part of a fibrocartilage disc that suctions and lubricates in the knee

Articular cartilage

thin layer of hyaline cartilage on an articular surface that helps decrease friction, distribute joint loads to reduce stress, and absorb forces.