Year 10 Science Practice Examination Review

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering Year 10 Science topics: scientific inquiry and experimental design, physics (kinematics, dynamics, and energy), chemistry (atomic structure, bonding, and reactions), and biology (genetics, cell biology, and inheritance).

When conducting an experiment, repeating trials is important to confirm that results are __________.

consistent and reliable

A scientific hypothesis should be a prediction based on __________.

prior knowledge and research

In an experiment investigating the effects of different soils on plant growth, the height the plant grows is the __________ variable.

dependent

In a valid scientific experiment, the variable that is kept constant throughout is the __________ variable.

control

The step in the scientific method that comes directly after forming a hypothesis is __________.

designing and conducting an experiment

A car that travels $60\,\text{km}$ in $1.5\,\text{hours}$ moves at an average speed of __________.

$$40\,\text{km/h}$$

Unlike scalar quantities such as distance, speed, and time, velocity is classified as a __________ quantity.

vector

The law stating that a stationary object will remain at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force is __________.

Newton’s First Law

The standard scientific unit used to measure force is the __________.

Newton

If an unbalanced force of $4\,\text{N}$ acts on a $2\,\text{kg}$ object, the resulting acceleration is __________.

$$2\,\text{m/s}^2$$

A moving car possesses __________ energy.

kinetic

According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, the total energy in a closed system __________.

remains constant

A falling skydiver reaches terminal velocity when downward weight equals upward __________.

air resistance

On a speed-time graph, constant acceleration is depicted by a __________ through the origin.

straight line

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion is termed __________.

inertia

The total number of protons contained within an atom's nucleus determines its __________.

atomic number

The standard atomic symbol representing sodium is __________.

$$\text{Na}$$

A neutral atom becomes an ion when it loses or gains __________.

electrons

A chemical bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms is called a __________ bond.

covalent

Among $O_2$, $\text{Na}$, $CO_2$, and $H$, the chemical formula representing a compound is __________.

$$CO_2$$

A process in which a new substance forms is classified as a __________ change.

chemical

The Law of Conservation of Mass dictates that during a reaction, mass is neither __________.

created nor destroyed

A chemical reaction that releases thermal energy into its surroundings is called an __________ reaction.

exothermic

Fluorine is classified on the periodic table as a member of the __________ group.

halogen

During chemical reactions, metals tend to lose electrons to form positively charged ions called __________.

cations

A reaction represented by the equation $AB \rightarrow A + B$ is an example of a __________ reaction.

decomposition

A chemical equation is balanced when the number of atoms of each element is __________ on both sides.

equal

An ionic compound is most likely to form between sodium and __________.

chlorine

DNA molecules are constructed from chains of repeating subunits called __________.

nucleotides

In a molecule of DNA, cytosine forms complementary base pairs with __________.

guanine

The molecule responsible for carrying genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome is __________.

mRNA

The specific form of cell division that produces haploid gametes is __________.

meiosis

An organism that inherits one dominant and one recessive allele will visibly express the __________ trait.

dominant

Natural selection acts directly upon an organism's observable physical characteristics, termed its __________.

phenotype

A discrete section of DNA that codes for a specific protein is called a __________.

gene

In a cross between two heterozygous parents ($Aa \times Aa$), the expected percentage of homozygous recessive offspring is __________.

$$25\%$$

A random alteration in the sequence of an organism's DNA is known as a __________.

mutation

The number of chromosomes found in a human somatic cell following mitosis is __________.

$$46$$

The cellular organelle whose primary function is protein synthesis is the __________.

ribosome

The organelle that contains DNA and coordinates the activities of the cell is the __________.

nucleus

In a scientific report, the section that interprets and explains the meaning of collected data is the __________.

discussion

Experimental errors caused by unpredictable variations during an investigation are categorized as __________ errors.

random

Recording that a chemical solution turned blue is an example of a __________ observation.

qualitative

A runner who completes a $100\,\text{m}$ dash in $10\,\text{seconds}$ has an average speed of __________.

$$10\,\text{m/s}$$

When a ball is thrown straight up into the air, its velocity at the highest point of its trajectory is __________.

$$0\,\text{m/s}$$

The form of energy stored inside a stretched or compressed spring is __________ energy.

potential

Friction is a resistive force that always acts in the direction __________ to motion.

opposite

If an object is pushed forward with $400\,\text{N}$ while experiencing a frictional force of $250\,\text{N}$, the net force acting on it is __________.

$$150\,\text{N}$$

A cart traveling down a roller coaster track is converting potential energy into __________ energy.

kinetic

The fundamental particle that defines the smallest unit of a chemical element is the __________.

atom

Elements arranged in the same vertical group on the periodic table display similar __________.

chemical properties

The subatomic particle that carries a positive electric charge is the __________.

proton

The synthesis of water is represented by the balanced chemical equation __________.

$$2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O$$

The mass number of an atom is determined by calculating the sum of its protons and __________.

neutrons

In an electrically neutral atom, the number of negatively charged electrons equals the number of __________.

protons

In plant cells, the biochemical process of photosynthesis takes place inside the __________.

chloroplast

Mitosis produces __________ genetically identical daughter cells.

two

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine forms complementary base pairs with __________.

thymine

A genetic diagram called a __________ is used to calculate and predict the outcome of breeding crosses.

Punnett square

An organism will only express a recessive phenotype when it possesses __________ copies of the recessive allele.

two