hydroponics 11/10

Rockwool

Made from melted rock fibers; holds water and air.

Perlite

Expanded volcanic glass; improves drainage and airflow.

Vermiculite

Expanded mineral flakes; holds water and nutrients.

Clay pebbles

Expanded clay balls; support roots and provide air spaces.

Coco coir

Coconut husk fibers; holds moisture and allows airflow.

Deep Water Culture (DWC)

Roots hang in nutrient-rich water with added oxygen.

Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)

A thin stream of nutrient water flows over roots.

Ebb & Flow

Tray fills with nutrient water, then drains.

Wick System

A wick pulls nutrient water into the growing media.

Bato Bucket

Pump sends nutrient water to buckets; extra water drains back to the reservoir.

Growth Tower

Vertical system that grows plants in stacked openings using circulating water.

Transpiration

Loss of water as water vapor.

Where does transpiration happen?

Mainly through stomata in leaves.

time of day

During the day.

What conditions favor transpiration?

Warm, dry, or windy conditions.

Guttation

Loss of water as liquid droplets.

Where does guttation happen?

Through hydathodes at leaf edges or tips.

what time

At night or early morning.

What conditions favor guttation?

Moist soil and humid conditions.

Osmosis

Water moves through a membrane from more water to less water.

Diffusion

Particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

How do roots get water?

They absorb water from the growing medium.

Xylem

Carries water and minerals upward to stems and leaves.

Where does water leave the plant?

Mainly through stomata during transpiration.

Seed coat

Protects the seed.

Embryo

The young plant inside the seed.

Radicle

Develops into the first root.

Cotyledon

Seed leaf that stores or absorbs food.

Endosperm

Stores nutrients for the developing embryo.

Seed parts

seed coat, embryo, radicle, endosperm, cotlydon

Monocots

Have ONE cotyledon.

Dicots

Have TWO cotyledons.

Monocot roots

Fibrous roots.

Dicot roots

Taproots.

Monocot vascular bundles

Scattered.

Dicot vascular bundles

Arranged in a ring.

Monocot leaf veins

Parallel veins.

Dicot leaf veins

Branched veins.

Monocot flower parts

Multiples of 3.

Dicot flower parts

Multiples of 4 or 5.

Xylem

Transports water and minerals upward.

Phloem

Transports sugars and nutrients.

Cambium

Dividing cell layer that produces new xylem and phloem.

Vascular bundles

Groups of xylem and phloem.

Parenchyma

Living plant cells used for storage, photosynthesis, and repair.

Secondary growth

Increase in thickness of stems and roots.

What is parenchyma?

A type of living plant tissue.

What does parenchyma do?

Stores food and water and can perform photosynthesis.

Where is parenchyma found?

Throughout many plant organs.

What is secondary growth?

Increase in stem or root thickness.

What causes secondary growth?

Mainly vascular cambium and cork cambium.

What plants commonly have secondary growth?

Woody dicots and gymnosperms.

Photosynthesis

Plants use light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

Where does photosynthesis happen?

Chloroplasts, mainly in leaves.

What does photosynthesis need?

Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.

What does photosynthesis produce?

Glucose and oxygen.

What is glucose?

A sugar that stores energy.

Photosynthesis equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O + light —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis happens.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment that absorbs light energy.

Chlorophyll-a

Main pigment directly involved in converting light energy.

Chlorophyll-b

Accessory pigment that absorbs additional light and transfers energy to chlorophyll-a.

Visible spectrum

Light humans can see (400–700 nm).

What colors does chlorophyll absorb best?

Blue and red light.

Cellular respiration

Breaks down glucose to release usable energy (ATP).

Where does respiration happen?

Mainly in mitochondria; first stage in cytoplasm.

What does respiration need?

Glucose and oxygen.

What does respiration produce?

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

ATP

Usable energy for cells.

Mitochondria

Organelles where most cellular respiration occurs.

Main purpose of photosynthesis

Makes glucose and stores energy.

Main purpose of respiration

Releases usable energy from glucose.

Energy in photosynthesis

Captures light energy.

Energy in respiration

Produces ATP.

Location of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts.

Location of respiration

Mainly mitochondria.

Inputs of photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide, water, and light.

Inputs of respiration

Glucose and oxygen.

Outputs of photosynthesis

Glucose and oxygen.

Outputs of respiration

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

When does photosynthesis happen?

Requires light.

When does respiration happen?

Day and night.