A&P tyler practice questions

insulin

lowers blood glucose, secreted by beta cells in pancreas

glucagon

rises blood glucose, secreted by alpha cells in pancreas

blood flow through heart

body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body

saggital plane

vertically down the body but not directly in half

transverse plane

plane that divides into superior and inferior

frontal/coronal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

implantation typically occurs during which time?

secretory phase

what is the substance that is created by the breakdown of proteins and excreted by the kidneys

urea

what is the function of amylase in the body

it breaks down starch into simpler sugars

a group of cells that perform a similar function is called a…

tissue

where are red blood cells created and how long do they typically last?

bone marrow; four months

how do viruses reproduce

inserting their DNA into a host cell causing it to produce more viruses

what is true about RNA?

mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes

what is not true regarding isotopes?

isotopes of an element have the same chemical and physical properties

dependent variable

the outcome you measure in an experiment, whose value changes in response to the independent variable

independent variable

the factor in an experiment or study that a researcher intentionally changes, controls, or varies to test its effects on an outcome

controlled variable

any factor or condition that is intentionally held the same throughout an experiment

what vitamin is mainly synthesized within the human body?

vitamin D

what makes up a macromolecule of fat?

one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

enzymes are ___ that work best at ___ pH or temperature

biological catalysts, optimum

which layer of the skin contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerves?

the dermis

explain the difference between covalent and ionic bond?

atoms share electrons in covalent bonds and gain or lose electrons in ionic bonds

which process does not lead to genetic variation in a population

mitosis

Which of these statements is false regarding blood cells?

Mature red blood cells are bi-concave discs that have a central nucleus and long life span

centrioles

makes new threads of cytoskeleton

nucleus

contains cells DNA, regulates activities of cell

mitochondrion

produces energy for cell, takes food and breaks it down then stored in ATP

lysosome

bags that pull waste from cell and release, helps destroy diseases that enters cell

vacuole

storage place in cell

ribosome

makes proteins using amino acids, floats in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

folded sheets with tubes outside nucleous, site of protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

breaks down chemicals, makes lipids, no ribosomes attached

golgi apparatus

processing/shipping center for proteins

nucleolus

within the nucleus, area where ribosomes are made

in DNA the nucleotides are…

adenine → thymine and guanine → cytosine

DNA is divided into smaller pieces called

chromosomes

genome

total amount of DNA is called

nucleotide → DNA strand → chromosome → genome

DNA structure from smallest to largest

gene

a section of DNA that tells cells how to make specific protein/encodes specific proteins

genetic regulation

turning genes on/off. gene turned on is making protein/being expressed

transcription

when cell copies a gene on DNA and makes a short strand of RNA

translation

when a ribosome uses information on RNA to make a particular protein

true

T/F: RNA does not make protein

structures and processes for protein synthesis (beginning to end)

DNA → mRNA → ribosome → protein

mitosis

making an exact copy of mother cell resulting in 2 identical daughter cells

mitosis creates…

germ cells, somatic cells, identical daughter cells - asexual reproduction

meiosis creates…

sex cells, daughters not identical

cytokinesis

when cell splits and we have 2 identical daughter cells

cell division process: earliest to latest

cell replication → prophase → metaphase → anaphase → telophase → cytokinesis

prophase

chromosomes condense and nucleus breaks down

metaphase

chromosomes line up

anaphase

chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell

telophase

new nuclei

centriole

where spindel fibers connect/are organized

meiosis

lowers amount of DNA in cells but makes new cells

haploid

number of chromosomes a sperm or egg has (sperm and egg)

diploid

double amount of chromosomes of sperm or egg. (skin, nerve, germ, somatic)

meiosis 1

split once into 2

metaphase 1

chromosomes line up side by side

meiosis 2

split again into 4

meiosis genetic variation

independent assortment, crossing over, recombination

nondisjunction

mistake during meiosis that causes wrong number of chromosomes in sex cells

sublimination

when a solid turns directly into a gas

deposition

gas turns to a solid

periods

rows on periodic table

groups

vertical columns on table, elements in same groups act in similar ways/similar characteristics

anion

negatively charged ion

cation

positively charged ion

compounds

a substance made of 2 or more elements

chemical

is burning a chemical or physical reaction?