Single Membrane Bound Organelles

Rough endoplasmic reticulum cells

Eurkaryotes

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Folds and modifies proteins destined for membranes or secretion

Rough endoplasmic reticulum damaged

• Misfolded proteins pile up

• Cellular response that can lead to apoptosis is triggered

Apoptosis

Cell death

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum cells

Eukaryotes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

Synthesizes lipids (phospholipids, steroids) and detoxifies toxins or drugs

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum damaged

• Membrane repair stops

• Toxic waste builds up in cells (e.g. liver cells)

Golgi apparatus cells

Eukaryottes

Golgi apparatus function

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into transport vesicles

Golgi apparatus damaged

• Proteins are sent to wrong locations or not secreted

• Cellular sorting disorders are caused

Lysosomes cells

Animals mainly

Lysosomes function

Contains hydrolytic enzymes to break down polymers, old organelles, and waste

Lysosomes damaged

• Waste builds up in the cell

• Lethal storage diseases are caused

Peroxisomes cells

Eukaryotes

Peroxisomes function

• Breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies alcohol

• Produces harmful hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a byproduct but safely converts it into water using catalase

Perroxisomes damaged

Long-chain fatty acids accumulate and destroy myelin sheiths around nerves

Central vacuoles cells

Plants

Central vacuoles function

• Stores water and nutrients

• Creates turgor pressure to keep the plant rigid

Turgor pressure

Force of water pushing against the inside of a plant cell wall

Central vacuoles damaged

• Plant cells collapse

• Plant wilts and dies

Food vacuoles cells

Protists and some animal cells

Protists

Any eukaryotic organisms that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus

Food vacuoles function

Formed when a cell engulfs food particles from the outside, later fusing with a lysosome for digestion

Food vacuoles damaged

Cell cannot ingest nutrients or digest external food particles, leading to cellular starvation

Contractile vacuoles cells

Freshwater protists

Contractile vacuoles function

Constantly pumps excess water out of the cell to maintain osmoregulation in hypotonic environments

Osmoregulation

Regulating internal water and solute concentration to maintain homeostasis and stable water potential across cell membranes

Hypertonic solution

• Higher solute concentration than the cell’s cytoplasm

• Water moves out of the cell

Hypotonic solution

• Lower solute concentration than the cell’s cytoplasm

• Water moves into the cell

Contractile vacuoles damaged

Water rushes into the cell due to osmosis, causing the cell too swell and burst

Lyse

Cell bursts or breaks apart because its outerrmembrane fails

Single membrane bound organelles

• Wrapped in a single phospholipid bilayer

• Bulk of the endomembrane system

• Found only in eukaryotes

Endomembrane system

Network of interacting membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids