chapter 6 study guide

fibrocartilage

helps form the skeleton during development

hyaline cartilage

creates a growth plate for bones to grow in length

elastic cartilage

covers the ends of bones at the joint to reduce friction

function of skeletal system is to

provides structure, protect internal organs, rbc production, movement

what is more dense, in outer layers and provides resistance to bending

compact bone

compact bones contains

osteons

web like structure, found deep in bone and houses red bone marrow

spongy bone

parts of axial

head and trunk of skeleton

function of axial

protects brain, abdominal organs and spinal cord

parts of appendicular

limbs

function of appendicular

helps with movement

what chemical composition does bone tissue have

organic and inorganic components

mostly collagen fibers and provides flexibility and resistance to stretching for bone

organic component

contains minerals like calcium phosphate, creates a hard resistence

inorganic components

the long middle shaft of bone that provides support in the long bone

diaphysis

thin lining inside medullary cavity that contains cells involved with growth

endosteum

smooth covering at the end of joints that reduces friction

articular cartilage

between epiphysis and diaphysis, marks where bone grew

epiphyseal line

outer covering of bone and repairs bone and provides attachments for tendons and ligaments

periosteum

tendon

muscle to bone

ligament

bone to bone

enlarged ends of bone that form joints

epiphysis

hollow space in diaphysis that stores marrow

medullary cavity

produces rbc, wbc, or platelets and is in medullary cavity

red marrow

stores fat and located in medullary cavity

yellow marrow

inside epiphyses, lightweight lattice that supports marrow

spongey bone

dense outer layer that provides strength

compact bone

fibers extend from periosteum to bone

perforating fibers

osteoblast

rebuilds bone by producing bone matrix

osteoclast

breaks down bone and reabsorbs old bone

osteocyte

cell for bone production

osteogenic stem cell

develops into osteoblast

bone remodeling

break down old bone and replace it with new bone

central haversian canal

in the center of osteon which contains blood vessels for bone matrix

matrix

material surround bone cell

what does matrix contain for support

collagen and minerals

volkmanns canal

channels running between osteons that connect to central canals

what does volkman canal carry to bones outer covering

blood vessels and nerves

osteon haversian system

circular unit made of rings around central canal

lacunae

tiny spaces that contains osteocytes between rings of osteons

canaliculi

hairlike channels connecting lacuna

what does canaliculi do for osteocytes

exchange singals or nutrients

lamella

one ring of bone matrix which adds strength

circumferential lamellae

layers around outer or inner circumference of bone

interstitial lamellae

irregular pieces of lamellae found in osteons which fills gaps

bone forms directly from connective tissue w/o cartilage model

intramembranous ossification

what do mesenchymal cells form into

osteoblasts to produce osteoid

soft bone matrix is also called what

osteoid`

bone forms by replacing existing hyaline cartilage

endochondral ossification

intramembranous ossification consists of

skull bones such as parietal, frontal, or mandible and clavicle

endochondral ossification consists

long bones, pelvis, or rib bones

process of developing bone which includes bone formation during growth or bone repair

osteogenesis

bone remodeling

process of breaking down old bone and replacing it with osteoblasts and clasts

parathyroid PTH hormone

raises blood calcium by promoting bone resorption

how does physical stress effect the bones

lack of movement can reduce mechanical movement for bone

osteoporosis

bone disease that causes bones to lose density

a childs bones do not mineralize properly which causes deformalities in the bones

rickets

effects the mature bones in adults due to bones not mineralizing properly

osteomalacia

a disease where bone will breakdown but when rebuilt its disorganized

pagets disease

epiphyseal plate

made of hyaline cartilage and is present in bone growth

epiphyseal line

remnant of former growth plate and appears after growth has stopped

plate=

growing

line=

growth has stopped

displaced

the broken bone ends moved out of their normal alignment

nondisplaced

the broken ends are aligned

complete

the break goes through the bone

incomplete

the break goes only partway through bone

simple

the fracture does not break the skin

compound

the fracture is associated with the wound that is from outside the skin

a small crack caused by overuse of bones such as running constantly

stress fracture

a break due to disease or condition that weakened the bone

pathological fracture

calcium homeostasis

maintaining calcium in blood at a specific range

what does calcium do for the body

maintains muscles, strong bones, or blood clots

During appositional growth

bones grow wider with circumferential lamellae

define a joint

where two+ bones meet to create articulation

how are joins classified

what connects the bone and how much movement is created

fibrous joints

bones connect with collagen fibers-no movement like sutures

syndesmosis fibrosis joint

held together by ligament tissue

gomphosis fibrous joint

connected by periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in socket

cartilaginous joints

connected by cartilage and produce no movement like vertebrae

synchondroses cartilaginous joint

connected by hyaline cartilage

symphyses cartilaginous joint

connected by fibrocartilage

synovial joint

filled with fluid and creates lots of movement

synarthroses

joint does not move like sutures and just fibrous joints in general

amphiarthrosis

provides limited movement, includes the cartilaginous joints

diarthrosis

lots of movement and consists of synovial joints

found within fibrous joint capsule and connects bones to stabilize joint

Intracapsular ligaments

located outside fibrous capsule, helps connect bones to prevent excessive movement

Extracapsular ligament

fluid filled sacs that reduce friction between moving structures such as tendons, bones, muscles, or skin

bursae

tube covering a tendon which contains synovial fluid to reduce friction as tendon moves

tendon sheath

c-shaped pads of fibrocartilage in knees that absorbs shock

menisci

joint stability

how the joints holds together and prevents unwanted movement

the shape of the ends of bone effect how they fit together and provide stability

shape of articulation

bands of connective tissue that connects bone to bone

ligament

slight contraction from muscle to help tendons hold joints in place

muscle tone

Gliding

flat surfaces slide past each other, between carpal bones and wrist

Hinge join

bends and straightens in one plane, elbow joints, door hinge

Pivot joint

one bone rotates around another, being able to turn your head

Ball and socket joint

moves in multiple location and rotates, hip and shoulder

Saddle joint

moves forward/backward or side to side, moving around the thumb