NR 222: Health and Wellness, Models of Health, and Levels of Prevention

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering concepts of health, wellness, theoretical health models, behavioral change stages, Maslow's hierarchy, levels of prevention, and disease risk factors.

Health (WHO Definition)

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease and infirmity, viewed within a developmental context.

Wellness

A positive or optimal state of health that is actively and continually developing across multiple dimensions.

Illness–Wellness Continuum

A conceptual model illustrating the relationship between the treatment paradigm and wellness paradigm, spanning from premature death (0) through a neutral comfort zone (4–6) to optimal high-level wellness (10).

Internal Variables Influencing Health

Factors originating within an individual that affect health beliefs and practices, including developmental age, intellectual background, perception of functioning, and spiritual factors.

External Variables Influencing Health

Outside factors shaping a person's health beliefs and practices, including cultural background, socioeconomic factors, and family practices.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

A psychological health behavior change model addressing the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors, governed by individual perceptions (susceptibility, severity, threat), modifying factors (demographics, sociopsychological variables, cues to action), and the perceived benefits versus barriers of taking preventative action.

Health Promotion Model (Pender)

A nursing model developed by Nola Pender (1982, revised 1996) that focuses on increasing a patient's level of well-being by examining individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes.

Holistic Health Model

An approach to healthcare that considers the multidimensional aspects of an individual—including physical, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions—and incorporates complementary therapies such as mind-body therapy, biological-based practices, and energy healing.

Precontemplation Stage

Stage 1 of the Transtheoretical Model of Change in which an individual has no thought of making a behavior change, has no action planned, and does not intend to change within the next 6 months.

Contemplation Stage

Stage 2 of the Transtheoretical Model of Change in which an individual is thinking about making a change and considering taking action within the next 6 months.

Preparation Stage

Stage 3 of the Transtheoretical Model of Change characterized by seriously thinking of making a change, identifying concrete actions, and planning to take action within the next month.

Action Stage

Stage 4 of the Transtheoretical Model of Change in which an individual is actively involved in modifying their behavior and has been actively engaged in change for up to 6 months.

Maintenance Stage

Stage 5 of the Transtheoretical Model of Change where the individual processes the effects of the change and sustains continuous healthy behaviors indefinitely.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational framework adapted for nursing care prioritization and diagnosis, arranged in five tiers: Physiological Needs, Safety and Security, Love and Belonging, Self-Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

Deficiency Needs (D-Needs)

Lower-level tiers of Maslow's hierarchy (Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem) where human motivation decreases as these needs are adequately fulfilled.

Growth Needs (B-Needs)

Higher-level needs (Self-Actualization) in Maslow's hierarchy where human motivation increases as the needs are being met.

Primordial Prevention

The earliest level of prevention that aims to prevent the establishment of and exposure to social, environmental, and behavioral risk factors that promote disease onset.

Primary Prevention

True health prevention aimed at reducing risk factors before the occurrence of disease, condition, or injury through health promotion and specific protection (e.g., flu vaccinations, car seat safety classes).

Secondary Prevention

Measures aimed at early detection and prompt intervention for asymptomatic disease or potential disease development to limit disability (e.g., blood pressure screenings, diagnostic X-rays).

Tertiary Prevention

Interventions applied during an existing symptomatic disease process to treat the illness, ameliorate complications, delay or prevent progress, and support restoration or rehabilitation (e.g., cardiac rehabilitation, hospice care, antihypertensive medication therapy).

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

Endogenous traits or conditions that increase susceptibility to disease and cannot be altered or controlled, specifically age, gender, ethnicity, and family history.