AP Psych Units 1.2-1.4

ACH is…

Excitatory

Acetylcholine (ACH)

Stimulates muscle contraction; involved in memory, learning and general intellectual functions.

Dopamine is…

Inhibitory

Dopamine

Pleasurable sensations involved in movement, attention, learning, and motivation.

Serotonin is…

Inhibitory

Serotonin

Used in moods and emotional states

GABA is…

Inhibitory

GABA

Helps offset excitatory messages and regulate daily sleep-wake cycles.

Endorphins are..

Inhibitory

Edorphins

Involved in pain perception and positive emotions

Glutamate is...

Excitatory

Glutamate

Used in memory, learning, movement

Deficit of _______ cause Alzheimer’s

Acetylcholine

Surplus of ______ causes severe muscle spasms

Acetylcholine

Deficit of _________ causes Parkinson’s

Dopamine

Surplus of _______ causes schizophrenia and drug addiction

Dopamine

Deficit of _______ causes depression and mood disorders (mood + emotion)

Serotonin

Surplus of _______ causes autism

Serotonin

Deficit of _________ causes mental disorders, especially depression and ADHD (fight/flight)

Norepinephrine

Surplus of ________ causes anxiety

Norepinephrine

Deficit of ______ causes anxiety and narcolepsy

GABA

Surplus of _________ causes sleep and eating disorders

GABA

Deficit of ______ causes physical pain

Endorphins

Surplus of __________ causes inaccurate warnings about pain, artificial highs, and migranes

Endorphins

Surplus of _________ and sometimes GABA is associated with epilepsy and migranes

Glutamate

Substance P is a…

Neuropeptide

Substance P

Perception of pain, mood, nausea, and sexual behavior.

Substance P is in the….

CNS and PNS

ACH AGONISTS

Nicotine and black widow venom

ACH ANTAGONISTS

Curare and Botox

Dopamine AGONISTS

L-Dopa and cocaine

Dopamine ANTAGONISTS

Anti-psychotics like Thorazine

Serotonin AGONISTS

Prozac and SSRIs

Norepinephrine AGONISTS

Adderall, caffeine, amphetamines

Norepinephrine ANTAGONIST

Lithium (for bipolar)

GABA AGONISTS

Valium and Xanax

Endorphin AGONISTS

Opiates (treats pain): Heroin, Morphine, Codeine

Endorphin ANTAGONIST

Nalaxone

The tan section is the…

Frontal lobe (brain picture)

The blue section is the…

Parietal lobe (brain picture)

The green section is the….

Occipital lobe (brain picture)

The pink section is the…

Temporal lobe (brain picture)

The purple section is the….

Cerebellum (brain picture)

The yellow section is the….

Spinal Cord

Motor Neuron

Signals away from the brain (millions)

Sensory Neuron

Signals to the brain (millions)

Interneurons

In the brain (billions)

Glial Cells

Protect neurons

Schwann Cells

Part of the myelin sheath

“All or None Principle”

Will fire or will not fire at all (always same intensity)

Polarization (resting potential)

Negative inside and positive outside

Depolarization

Positive ions flood the axon and start the action potential → Neuron fires !!!

Action Potential

Nerve impulse

Reuptake

Excess neurotransmitter left in the synapse is recollected

Excitatory

Allows message (opens) Ex: ACH and Glutamate

Inhibitory

Blocks + does not allow message. Ex: GABA and Serotonin

The CNS is the…

Body’s master control unit

The PNS is the…

The body’s link to the outside world

CNS

Brain, Brainstem, Spinal Cord

PNS

Autonomic NS (Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS) and Somatic NS

The pituitary gland is in which system?

Endocrine

The thyroid gland is in which system?

Endocrine

The adrenal glands are in which system?

Endocrine

The pancreas is in which system?

Endocrine

The gonads are in which system?

Endocrine

The Endocrine System is controlled by what?

The Hypothalamus

The Endocrine System

Monitoring and releasing hormones to control vital bodily processes

Thalamus

Receives information from all the senses EXCEPT SMELL

The Thalamus is involved in what?

Learning and memory

Cerebellum controls:

Coordination, balance, posture, motor learning.

Eye movement is controlled by the ______.

Cerebellum

Cognitive functions like attention and language are part of the ________.

Cerebellum

Medulla

Controls vital reflexes like sneezing!

Reticular Formation

Alerts the brain of incoming signals

The ________ connects to the thalamus.

Reticular Formation

Pons

Connects the spinal cord and brain + connects to the cerebellum

The pons’s one function is?

Facial Expression

EEG

Records brain waves and sleep (electrodes on scalp!!)

CAT/CT

Scans structure and measures harmful signals (3D)

MRI

Scans structure (MOST DETAILED) and measures non-harmful signals (magnets + radio waves)

PET

Scans for function and radioactive glucose (injects radioactive substance)

fMRI

Combines MRI and PET

Limbic System

Motivation and emotion + drug addiction (the pleasure center)

The hippocampus is in the ________.

Limbic System

The amygdala is in the ________.

Limbic System

Amygdala

Controls emotions (fear + anger) and connects to the olfactory bulb

Hippocampus

Memory + learning + smell

Hypothalamus

Controls Endocrine System (but is located in the Limbic system)

The hypothalamus’s functions include….

Hunger, thirst, sex, body temp..

Glial cells are ____% of the brain

90 (says in notes but wrong apparently)

Frontal Lobes (CEO)

Controls organization, planning, thinking, and decision making,

Social emotional behaviors → feelings of trust, self control + personality are associated with the _______.

Frontal lobes

The _______ is in the frontal lobes

Motor cortex

Motor cortex

Sends information to control body movements

Broca’s Area

Controls production of fluent speech + very specific movements like fingers and lips

The more movements a body part can make the more _______.

Neural connections

The _____ have the most neural connections

Lips

Broca’s area is located in the _______.

Frontal lobes

Sensory cortex

Understands what the body is feeling

Parietal Lobes

Touch, pain, temperature, taste