English Vocabulary Notes: Legal, Industrial, and Academic Terminology

A set of vocabulary flashcards defining key English terms, synonyms, and translations covering criminal justice, workplace sociology, language collocations, and formal vocabulary from the study notes.

Measure (n)

A method or procedure used to accomplish a purpose (= method; phương pháp).

Fraction

A minute portion or fraction, such as a tiny subdivision of a second (phân số / một phần nhỏ của giây chưa được 1 giây).

Courtship (n)

A period during which romantic behavior or wooing takes place before mating or marriage (tán tỉnh).

Fleets of ships

A large organized group or armada of naval vessels sailing together (hạm đội tàu).

Collision (n)

An impact or crash where two or more objects violently strike each other (va chạm).

Collide (v)

To strike or crash violently against something (va chạm).

Hauntingly

In a manner that is poignantly, unforgettable, or disturbingly beautiful (đẹp đến ám ảnh).

Hydrophone

An underwater microphone or sound detection device used to monitor underwater acoustic signals (thuỷ âm, ống nghe dưới nước).

Accordingly

In an appropriate, corresponding, or suitable way (phù hợp).

Identity

The distinctive character, personality, or core qualities of an individual or group (bản sắc).

Identify (v)

To recognize, establish, or indicate who or what someone or something is (nhận dạng).

Moratorium

A temporary prohibition, suspension, or formal delay of an ongoing activity (lệnh tạm hoãn, sự đình chỉ).

There is no definite answer

An expression stating that no single, certain, or fixed answer exists (không có câu trả lời nhất định).

Creatures

Living organisms or animals (những sinh vật).

Tragedies

Disastrous, mournful, or catastrophic events causing great suffering (bi kịch).

Oil drilling

The extraction and drilling process used to obtain petroleum from the ground or sea floor (khai thác dầu).

Assess

To evaluate, appraise, or estimate the nature, quality, or extent of something (đánh giá).

Likelihood

The probability or chance that an event will take place (khả năng).

Juvenile

A young individual or minor who commits a crime (tội phạm vị thành niên).

Life imprisonment

A penal sentence detaining a convicted person in prison for the remainder of their natural life (tù chung thân).

Punishment

The imposition of an undesirable outcome or penalty on an offender (sự trừng phạt).

Capital punishment

The legally authorized execution of an offender convicted of a capital crime; the death penalty (án tử hình).

Corporal punishment

Physical punishment administered directly to the human body (hình phạt thể xác).

Community service

Mandatory unpaid civic work assigned by a court as an alternative to prison (án phạt phục vụ cộng đồng).

A prison sentence

A court-ordered term of incarceration in a correctional facility (phạt tù).

A curfew order

A legally binding order requiring an individual to remain at a specified location during certain hours (lệnh giờ giới nghiêm / án treo).

A fine

A sum of money paid as an official judicial penalty for an infraction (tiền phạt).

Would-be criminals

Individuals who aspire or intend to commit criminal offenses (những người muốn có ý định phạm tội).

Deterrent

Something designed to discourage, prevent, or hinder actions or offenses (để ngăn cản, để ngăn chặn, để cản trở).

Taxpayers expense

Expenditures or financial costs paid for by public taxes (thuế người dân).

Vandalism (n) / Vandalize (v)

The act of deliberately damaging or destroying private or public property (phá hoại tài sản).

Tax evasion

The illegal evasion or willful non-payment of taxes owed to the government (trốn thuế).

Sex offences

Illegal acts involving sexual violence, violation, or misconduct (tội phạm tình dục).

Serial killers

Murderers who kill multiple victims in separate events over an extended period (kẻ giết người hàng loạt / giết người).

Functioned

Operated, worked, or fulfilled a particular role; can replace 'operate' (có thể thay thế cho operate; vận hành).

Maintain

To keep, preserve, or hold in existing state; equivalent to 'retain' (= retain; duy trì).

Hinder (v)

To delay, obstruct, or impede; equivalent to 'prevent' and 'deter' (= prevent = deter).

Alienation

A condition or feeling of social isolation, detachment, or estrangement (sự xa lánh, cô lập).

Workplace democracy

The application of democratic practices and participatory decision-making within an organization (dân chủ ở nơi làm việc).

Assembly line

A progressive manufacturing system where items move along a mechanized conveyor through successive stages of assembly (dây chuyền lắp ráp).

Imperative

Extremely crucial, urgent, or of paramount importance (cực kì quan trọng, cấp thiết).

Initiative

An introductory act, novel proposal, or innovative plan designed to address a problem (sáng kiến).

Exhibit

To demonstrate, reveal, or put on display; equivalent to 'show' (= show).

Been proven that

Established as verifiable, proven, or evident; equivalent to 'clear that' (= clear that; được chứng minh rõ ràng).

To some extent

Up to a certain point or degree; partially (ở một mức độ nào đó).

Locked up in the same cells

Incarcerated or confined together in the exact same prison cell (giam cùng một phòng).

Consider

To deliberate, take into account, or weigh factors; equivalent to 'take something into account' (= take something into account).

Moribund

At the point of death, dying, or in severe terminal decline (gần chết, hấp hối, suy tàn).

Ceases

Comes to an end, stops, or terminates (chấm dứt, dừng).

Constitute

To combine, compose, or establish the elements of a whole (cấu thành).

Recognition

Formal acknowledgment, appreciation, or validation of status or achievement (sự công nhận).

Far-reaching

Having extensive, long-lasting consequences and effects that extend beyond control (hậu quả ảnh hưởng lâu dài ngoài tầm kiểm soát).

Reluctance

Unwillingness or disinclination to act; equivalent to 'unwillingness' (= Unwillingness; sự miễn cưỡng).

Reluctant

Unwilling, hesitant, or disinclined to do something (miễn cưỡng).

Stigma

A mark or stain of disgrace, shame, or dishonor associated with a person or circumstance (vết nhơ).

Mint

To manufacture or stamp coins and legal tender (đúc tiền).

Prop up

To give support, assistance, or reinforcement to something; equivalent to 'support' (= support).

Illicit

Forbidden by law, rules, or custom; equivalent to 'illegal' (= illegal; bất hợp pháp).