A&P 1 Chapter 4.2 (flashcards I made)

Connective Tissue Functions

-surrounds organs and cavities

-connect tissues

-sometimes used to store things

-transportation

-connect adjacent anatomical structure

-help facilitate movement

-padding, cushion, insulation

-protection

blasts

create the matrix

clasts

break the matrix down for remodeling

cytes

maintain the matrix

adipose/fat cells (adipocytes)

common in some tissue (dermis of skin), rare in some (cartilage); store energy

mast cells

common beneath membranes and along small blood vessels

-important role in inflammation and release heparin (blood clots)

white blood cells (leukocytes)

respond to injury or infection

macrophages

phagocytizr foreign and injured cells; protect against infection

fixed macrophages

stay in position in connective tissue

wandering macrophages

move by amoeboid movement through the CT

platelets

fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in blood clotting

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

type of adult stem cells with potential to differentiate into multiple cell types

collagen (protein)

most common protein in matrix, lot of tensile stength, flexible, relatively inelastic

reticular fibers (protein)

fill space between tissues and organs (forms branching networks)

elastic fibers (protein)

recoiled fibers

Ground substance

gel-like mixture of non-fibrous molecules lubricated/slippery, attract and hold water

proteoglycan

a protein with long polysaccharides (love water)

glycosaminoglycans

pieces that makeup proteoglycans (love water)

mesoderm

1 out of 3 primary embryonic germ layers

mesenchyme

loosely organized embryonic tissue containing undifferentiated cells

specialized connective tissue

ECM changes dramatically as connective tissues specialize

areolar tissue (CT proper - loose)

features: fine network of collagen, lots of space/cushion. contains fibroblasts & macrophages

location: epithelial basement membrane, superficial dermis

adipose tissue (CT proper - loose)

features: large, clear adipocytes (fat cells) w/ peripheral nuclei. functions for insulation, energy storage, and protection

location: dermis, mammary glands

reticular tissue (CT proper - loose)

features: delicate net-like mesh that holds fluids & suspends free-floating cells (leukocytes)

location: lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Dense regular Collagenous (CT proper - Dense)

function: tightly packed parallel fibers. Great parallel tensile strength, poor perpendicular strength.

Location: tendons, ligaments

Dense Irregular collagenous (CT proper - Dense)

Function: fibers point in every direction, high tensile strength from all directions

location: dermis of the skin

Dense regular elastic (CT proper - Dense)

function: parallel alignment, but recoils and stretches

location: vocal cords, ligaments of vertebrae

Dense irregular elastic (CT proper - Dense)

Function: multi-directional recoil and stretch

location: walls of arteries

Cartilage

composed of chondrocytes within lucunae

avascular and aneural (heals very slowly via diffusion)

rich in proteoglycans for rebounding

hyaline cartilage

features: small, evenly dispersed collagen. Rigid but flexible allows long bone growth.

location: ribs, nose, trachea, knee joint

fibrocartilage

features: thick collagen bundles. withstands immense pressure

location: intervertebral discs, meniscus, labrum

elastic cartilage

features: elastic fibers in matrix. provides shape, rigidity, and high flexibility

location: ear pipe

bone

hard connective tissue composed of osteocytes and a solid, mineralized matrix

spongy (Trabecular) bone

features: contains bone trabecular and lots of space filled w/ bone marrow strong but lightweight

location: interior of long bones

compact (cortical) bone

features: densely packed, hard, and heavy. Matrix organized into concentric lamellae surrounding central canals w/ osteocytes in lacunae, massive support

location: outside covering of bone

blood (fluid transport)

matrix: fluid plasma

function: transports oxygen + waste, regulates temp.

cells: RBC, WBC (leukocytes), platelets

Bone marrow (hematopoietic tissue)

locaiton: lives inside the spongy cavities of bone

red marrow: produce blood cells (hematopoiesis)

yellow marrow: stores fat (adipocytes)

Mucous membranes

lines cavities open to the outside (respiratory, digestive)

contain goblet cells that produce mucus

serous membrane

line closed cavities not open to the exterior. secret lubricating serous tissue

synovial membrane

found at the ends of bones. forming joints. create synovial fluid rich in hyaluronic acid