UWEC BIO 314: Exam One

Myths about Blood

1. It's a mysterious and vital force

2. Being drained of "bad blood" will fix your medical problems.

3. Hereditary Trait were once thought to be transmittable through blood

Blood Cells were first seen with what invention?

The Microscope

Hematology

The Study of Blood

What does the Circulatory System Consist of?

The Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood

The Cardiovascular System Refers to

The Heart and Blood Vessels

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

Transport: O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells

Protection: Inflammation, limits spread of infection, destroys harmful microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralizes toxins, and initiates clotting

3. Regulation: Fluid Balance, PH levels of ECF, and temperature control.

About how many liters of blood do adults have?

4 to 6 liters of blood (bariatric people have more)

What is blood?

A liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular fluid

Plasma

Matrix of Blood; clear, light yellow fluid

Complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones and gases.

Formed Elements

All the Cells in the blood, red & white blood cells and platelets

Erythrocytes

Red Blood Cells (RBC's)

Thrombocytes

Platelets; cell fragments from specialized cell in bone marrow

Leukocytes

White Blood Cells (WBC's)

What are the 5 types of leukocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

Name the Granulocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Name the Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Hematocrit

centrifuge blood to separate components

Erythrocytes in Hematocrit

are heaviest and settle first 37%-52% total volume

Buffy Coat

Leukocytes and Platelets in the hematocrit

1% Total Volume

Serum

remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed

Identical to plasma except lacks fibriniogen

Three major categories of plasma proteins

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Albumins

smallest and most abundant

contributes to viscosity and osmolarity; blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance

Globulins

antibodies; immune system function

Alpha, Beta, Gamma globulins

Fibrinogen

precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

Plasma fibers are formed by

The Liver

Except Globulins, which are formed by plasma cells

Nitrogenous Compounds of Plasma

free amino acids from dietary protein or tissue breakdown

nitrogenous wastes (urea)

Nitrogenous Wastes of Plasma

Toxic end products of catabolism

Normally removed by the kidneys

Nutrients in Plasma

Glucose, vitamins, fats, cholesterol, phospholipids, and minerals

Gases in Plasma

Dissolved O2, CO2, and Nitrogen

Electrolytes in Plasma

Na+ makes up 90% of plasma cations

What is viscosity?

Resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting in the cohesion of its particles

How does the viscosity of whole blood compare to water?

Whole blood is 4.5-5.5 times more viscous than water

How does the viscosity of just blood plasma compare to water?

Plasma is 2 times more viscous than water; important in circulatory function.

Osmolarity of Blood

The total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

If blood osmolarity is too high...

blood absorbs too much water, increasing blood pressure

If blood osmolarity is too low

excess water remains in tissue, blood pressure drops, edema occurs

Optimum blood osmolarity is achieved by...

the body's regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and red blood cells

Hemopoiesis

production of blood, especially formed elements

Yolk Sac function

produces stem cells for first blood cells

Livers role in producing blood cells

Only makes blood cells in fetal stage

Spleen role in blood cell production

makes lymphocytes

Erythrocyte Principal Functions

Carry Oxygen to lung and cell tissues

Pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs

Why is biconcave shape ideal for RBCs

maximizes surface area

What is unique about Erythrocyte cellular structure

Lack of mitochondria, nucleus, and DNA (no mitosis or protein synthesis)

Uses Anaerobic Fermentation for ATP

What determines blood type?

surface glycoproteins and glycolipids

Cytoskeletal proteins do what for Erythrocytes

Give Membrane Durability and resilience to stretch and bend through small capillaries

What does increased surface area to volume ratio do for erythrocytes

increases diffusion rate of substances

How many 02 molecules can one hemoglobin transport

4

What does Carbonic Anhydrase in the cytoplasm do?

produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water

plays important role in gas transport and pH balance

Erythrocytes do not...

transport CO2

What makes up a Hemoglobin

4 protein chains known as Globins

Heme Groups

What's the difference between Adult and Fetal Hemoglobin

Adult HB has two alpha and two beta chains, while fetal HB has 2 alpha and 2 gamma

What are Heme groups

Nonprotein moiety that binds 02 to ferrous ion (Fe) at its center

RBC Count and Hemoglobin conc. indicates what?

amount of O2 blood can carry

Hematocrit

percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs

Which gender are RBC counts usually lower and why?

Woman

Androgens (Male sex hormones) stimulate red bloods cell production

Women have periodic menstrual losses

Hematocrit is inversely proportional to percentage of body fat

Erythropoiesis

RBC production in red bone marrow

Erythropoiesis Fast Facts

1 million rbcs made per second.

average lifespan 120 days

Describe the development of a erythrocyte

Development 3 to 5 days

Reduction in cells size increase in cell number, synthesis of hemoglobin and loss of a nucleus

First Committed Cell in Erythropoiesis

is the erythrocyte colony-forming unit.

Has receptors for erythropoietin

from kidneys

Erythroblasts Function

Multiply and Synthesize hemoglobin

5 Cell Stages of Erythropoiesis

1. Hemopoietic Stem Cell

2. Erythrocyte Colony Forming Unit

3. Erythroblast

4. Reticulocyte

5. Erythrocyte

What are some Iron Fast Facts

lost daily through urine, feces, and bleeding.

Woman lose more than men on average

Low absorption rate ar iron requires 5-20mg a day

What does Liver Apoferritin do?

Binds to ferritin for storage

What does reduction of free iron do?

reduces bacterial growth in blood plasma

How long does it take RBC to increase in the erythrocyte homeostasis loop

3-4 days

Name 4 stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis

Low oxygen levels

High Altitude

Increase in exercise

Loss of lung tissue in emphysema

What is Hemolysis

rupture of erythrocytes

Where does Hemolysis occur

in narrow channels of spleen and liver

What do macrophages in the spleen do

Digest membrane pieces

Separate heme from globin

Globins hydrolyze into amino acids and iron is removed form heme

Describe what happens to Heme when it is removed from globins and iron

1. Heme pigment is converted into biliverdin

2. Biliverdin is converted into bilirubin (yellow)

3. Released into blood plasma (kidneys-yellow urine)

4. Liver removes bilirubin and secrets into bile

5. Concentrated in gallbladder and released into small intestine; bacteria creates urobilinogen (brown feces)

Polycythemia

an excess of RBCs

Primary Polycythemia

cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow

hematocrit as high as 80%

Secondary Polycythemia

From dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning

Dangers of Polycythemia

increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity

can lead to embolism, stroke, or heart failure

Anemia

a state of hypoxia from lack of erythrocytes

What are the 3 categories of Anemia

1. Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis (lots of kinds within this category)

2. Hemorrhagic anemia from bleeding

3. Hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction

What are types of anemia from inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis

Kidney Failure: therefore insufficient erythropoietin

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Pernicious Anemia-autoimmune attack of stomach, leads to inadequate vitamin B12 absorption

Hypoplastic Anemia-slowing of erythropoiesis

Aplastic Anemia-complete cessation of erythropoiesis

What are the 3 potential consequences of Anemia

Tissue hypoxia and necrosis

Blood Osmolarity us reduced, producing tissue edema

Blood Viscosity is low

What happens when Tissue Hypoxia and necrosis occurs?

Patient is lethargic

Shortness of breath upon exertion

life-threatening necrosis of brain, heart, or kidney

What happens when viscosity is low

heart rate and pressure drops

cardiac failure may ensue.

What does blood type transfusion compatibility depend on

Plasma proteins and erythrocytes interactions

Blood types are based of of what?

Interactions between antigens and antibodies

What are the 3 medically significant antigens

A, B, and Rh(D)

What are antigens

complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that triggers an immune response

Genetically unique to individuals

used to distinguish self from foreign matter (which generate immune responses)

What are agglutinogens

antigens on the surface of the RBC that are the basis for blood typing A,B,Rh(D)

Antibodies

Proteins (gamma globulins) secreted by plasma cells

highlight foreign matter for destruction

forms antigen-antibody complexes

Agglutinins

antibodies in plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch

Anit-A, Anti-B & anti-Rh

Clumping

antibody molecule binding to antigens

causes clumping of red blood cells

What determines A,B, or Rh(D) antigens?

Surface glycolipids on RBC surface

What are the blood type to antigen relationships

Blood Type A has A antigens

Blood Type B has B antigens

Blood Type AB has both A and B antigens

Blood type O has neither antigen

What is the rarest and most common antigens

Most Common: Type O

Rarest: Type AB

How does the presence of the Rh antigen effect blood type

It makes them positive

What does your body do when it comes into contact with foreign antigens

it forms antibodies fight against them

What happens when you receive the wrong blood type?

Your antibodies target the foreign antigens and cause clumping. This blocks small blood vessels, then the RBC's hemolyze, and release their hemoglobin over the next few hours or days

Hb build up blocks kidney tubules and causes acute renal failure.

What Blood Type Is The Universal Donor?

Type O-

It lacks all all agglutinogens

Donor's plasma my have antibodies against recipients RBC's, what is the medical solution to this?

Making Packed Cells by separating donor RBC's from plasma

What Blood Type Is The Universal Recipient?

Type AB+

What is the least abundant formed element

Leukocytes

What do Leukocytes do?

Protect agains infectious organisms and pathogens