BSC 215: Lab Exam Two Study Guide

How many bones does the average human adult skeleton have?

206

What are the functional subunits of bone tissue?

Osteons

What is the difference between the central canals vs periferating canals?

Central canals in middle; perforating canals perpendicular to central canals

Where is the periosteum located?

Outside of compact bone

What is responsible for anchoring the periosteum in place?

Perforating fibers

Where are circumferential lamellae located?

Within inner and outer surfaces of bone

Where are concentric lamellae located?

Within osteons

Where are interstitial lamellae located?

Between osteons

What are the two kinds of osseous tissue?

1. Spongy bone

2. Compact bone

What is spongy bone deep to?

Compact bone

What is spongy bone composed of?

Trabeculae

What does spongy bone house?

Red bone marrow

What is compact bone deep to?

Periosteum

What is compact bone made of?

Osteons

What is the function of bone tissue?

Protection, movement, support

What does bone tissue store?

Minerals and fat

What does bone tissue form?

RBCs

What are bone cells called?

Osteocytes

What are osteocytes found within?

Lacunae

What are the five major shapes of bones?

1. Long (humerus)

2. Short (tarsals)

3. Flat (scapula)

4. Irregular (vertebrae)

5. Sesamoid (Patella)

What does spongy bone contain that compact bone does not?

Trabeculae

What are the connections between lacunae called?

Canaliculi

What does the axial skeleton form?

Central supporting axis of the body

What is the axial skeleton made of?

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, hyoid

What are the three accessory structures found within the axial skeleton?

1. Skeletal cartilage

2. Tendons

3. Ligaments

What is skeletal cartilage made of?

1. Hyaline cartilage

2. Fibrocartilage

3. Elastic cartilage

What kind of tissue are tendons and ligaments made of?

Dense regular connective tissue

What do tendons connect?

Muscle to bone

What do ligaments connect?

Bone to bone

How many cervical vertebrae do humans have?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae do humans have?

12

How many fused bones make up the sacrum?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae do humans have?

5

How many fused bones make up the coccyx?

4

What do thoracic vertebrae look like?

Giraffe

What do lumbar vertebrae look like?

Moose

What do cervical vertebrae look like?

Smiley

What is the name of C1 vertebrae?

Atlas

What is the name of C2 vertebrae?

Axis

What accessory on C2 is responsible for the ability for us to shake our heads no?

Dens

What bone superiorly articulates with the atlas bone? What accessories are responsible for this articulation?

Occipital bone; dens

What is the differece between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Axial forms central axis of body while appendicular form extremities

How can you tell the difference between the right and left clavicle?

Flat end attaches to the sternum

How can you tell the difference between the right and left scapula?

Medial boarder is a flat line

How can you tell the lateral from medial end of clavicle?

Lateral end is rounded, medial end is flat

How many true ribs do we have on one side?

7

How many false ribs do we have to one side?

4

What are floating ribs?

Ribs not connected to the sternum

What is the bone that costal cartilage connects to?

Sternum

How can you tell the difference between the right and left humerus?

Head always pointed in

Which bone is found on the pinky side of your arm?

Ulna

Which bone is found on the thumb side of your arm?

Radius

What are the three bones that fuse together to make up the pelvic girdle?

1. Ischium

2. Ilium

3. Pelvis

How can you tell the difference between a male and female pelvic girdle?

Male has acute angle, female has obtuse angle

What binds the two pubic bones together?

Ligament

What body region is the thumb?

Pollex

Where does the head of the femur bone articulate on the pelvic girdle?

Acetabulum

What bone is found anteriorly the hypophysis of the femur?

Intertrochanteric line

How can you tell the difference between the right and left femur?

Head always points medially

How can you tell the difference between the right and left tibia?

Tibia is always medial

What are the two ways to classify joints?

1. Structure

2. Function

What are the three different types of movement (function) of joints?

1. Synarthrosis (no movement)

2. Amphiarthrosis (some movement)

3. Diarthrosis (all movement)

What are the three different types of joint structures?

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

Do fibrous joints have a synovial cavity?

No

Are cartilaginous joints made of hyaline or fibrocartilage?

Yes

Do synovial joints have fluid filled synovial cavities between articulating bones?

Yes

What is an example of a nonaxial joint?

Intercarpal

What is an example of an uniaxial joint?

Elbow

What is an example of a biaxial joint?

Wrist

What is an example of a multiaxial joint?

Shoulder

What kind of joint provides the most movement?

Ball-and-socket

Which joint has biaxial movement?

Condylar

What joint is an intercarpal joint?

Plane joint

What part of the scapula does the head of the humerus articulate with?

Glenoid cavity

What are the three tendons that make up the rotator cuff of the shoulder?

1. Supraspinous

2. Infraspinous

3. Teres minor

What are the two ligaments that encapsulate the articulation of the head of the femur into the acetabulum?

1. Teres femoris

2. Transverse acetabular ligament

Where do the teres femoris and transverse acetabular ligaments bind to on the femur?

Acetabular notch

What specific ligament binds to the fovea capitis of the femur and what is its primary function?

Round ligament of the femur; vascular conduit

Does smooth muscle have intercalated discs?

No

What is a novel characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?

Intercalated discs

Is skeletal muscle multinucleated?

Yes

Do skeletal muscle cells run the entire length of the musclular tissue?

Yes

Is cardiac muscle involuntary?

Yes

Where do you find the epimysium in muscle tissue?

Outside of all fascicles

Where would you find the perimysium? What does it surround?

Within muscle fibers; fascicles

Where would you find the endomysium? What does it surround?

Within muscle fibers; muscle fibers (cells)

What is a fascicles?

Group of muscle fibers (cells)

What is the sarcolemma in muscle cells?

Plasma membrane

What are the rods running through muscle cells called?

Myofibrils

What is the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Calcium storage and release

What are the two purposes of t-tubules?

1. Trigger calcium release

2. Coordinate muscle contractions

What is the name of the plasma membrane on muscle cells?

Sarcolemma

What is the name of cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells?

Sarcoplasm

What possesses the contractile elements of skeletal muscle cells?

Myofibrils

What compromises the dark bands and light bands in skeletal muscle cells?

Striations of myofibrils

What is the smallest functional unit in a skeletal muscle cell?

Sarcomere

What is the function of myofibrils?

Contraction

Where is the origin in relation to the muscle? Is it mobile?

End; no

Where is the insertion in relation to the muscle? Is it mobile?

End; yes

What is the region of a muscle that is found between the origin and insertion?

Belly