Pharm and Imaging - Exam 1 Review

What does the image show?

Proximal humeral fracture

What does the image show?

Proximal humeral fracture (textbook)

What does the image show?

Anterior Glenohumeral Joint Dislocation (textbook)

Where does an anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation hang?

low from the socket and close to the ribs

What does this image show?

Posterior dislocation of glenohumeral joint

Where does a posterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint move?

it appears like it is tucked behind the joint socket, but isn’t pushed up against the thoracic cage

What does the image show?

Hill-sachs Lesion

What does the image show?

Bankart Lesion

What is a bankart lesion?

When the inferior glenoid rim is broken

What grade is the acromioclavicular separation?

Grade 1

What grade is the acromioclavicular separation?

Grade 2

What grade is the acromioclavicular separation?

Grade 3

What does the image show?

Clavicular fracture

Where on the clavicle does a fracture usually occur?

mid 3rd of the bone because it is weaker at the curve

What does the image show?

Supracondylar fracture

What is a supracondylar fracture?

Transverse fracture above the condyles of the humerus

What does the image show?

Transcondylar fracture

What is a transcondylar fracture?

Separation of either lateral or medial epicondyle (only one side)

What does the image show?

intercondylar fracture

What is a intercondylar fracture?

Separates the two condyles (BOFA)

What does the image show?

olecranon fracture

What happens in an olecranon fracture?

the triceps pulls the avulsion → displacing it

What does the image show?

posterior elbow dislocation: radial and ulnar dislocation

What does the image show?

radial head fracture (textbook)

What does the image show?

radial head fracture

what is the best way to identify a radial head fracture?

displaced fat pads anterior and posterior humerus (Sails)

What does the image show?

Monteggia (textbook)

What is monteggia?

ulnar fracture and radial dislocation proximally

What does the image show?

Galeazzi (textbook)

what is galeazzi?

ulnar dislocation and radial fracture distally

What does the image show?

Colles fracture (textbook)

What does the image show?

Smith’s fracture (textbook)

What does the image show?

Scaphoid fracture

what is concerning about a scaphoid fracture?

can damage the radial artery and cause necrosis

What does the image show?

wrist dislocation (textbook)

What does the image show?

Bennet’s fracture

What does the image show?

Rolando’s fracture

A Bennet’s fracture is…

single fracture of 1st metacarpal

A rolando’s fracture is…

multiple (comminuted) fractures at 1st metacarpal

What does the image show?

Skier’s fracture

What does the image show?

Boxer’s fracture

What does the image show?

Mallet finger

What does the image show?

hip fracture (textbook)

What does the image show?

intertrochanteric hip fracture

What does the image show?

subtrochanteric hip fracture

What does the image show?

posterior hip dislocation (textbook)

What does the image show?

anterior hip dislocation (textbook)

What does the image show?

Intracapsular hip fracture

What does the image show?

tibial plateau fracture (textbook)

What does the image show?

patellar fracture (textbook)

What does the image show?

tibial and fibula fractures

What does the image show?

Calcanea fracture (aka lovers fracture) (textbook)

What does the image show?

March fracture (textbook)

What does the image show?

Jones fracture

What is a march fracture?

Stress fracture on 2nd or 3rd metatarsal

what does the image show?

absent pedicle → winking owl

what does the image show?

Scottie dog → side view

what is important about the scottie dog?

If he has a collar that means there is a pars fracture (AKA spondylolysis)

What grade of den’s fracture is #2?

Grade 2

What grade of den’s fracture is #3?

Grade 3

What grade of den’s fracture is #1?

Grade 1

what does the image show?

ankylosing spondylitis

what is ankylosing spondylitis?

chronic arthritis where the spinal vertebrae fuse (Bamboo spine)

the amount needed to produce 50% max response

potency

max ability of a drug to produce a response

efficacy

How does a anticoagulant work?

Used to prevent new blood clots forming

How does an ace inhibitor work?

treat high blood pressure, heart failure, protects kidneys

How does an beta blockers work?

blocks the effects of adrenaline, which lowers heart rate and blood pressure. These medications can dampen heart rate responses to exercise, making HR an unreliable indicator of exertion.

How does an NSAID (COX-2 inhibitors) work?

Used to manage pain and can also be used for inflammation associated with conditions with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

What NSAID is less damaging on the stomach?

COX 2

How does a DMARD work?

suppress immune system’s activity, treats inflammation for rheumatoid arthritis

How does an NSAID work?

ibuprofen, acetaminophen, reduce inflammation and help with pain, but can possibly damage kidneys and GI

How does a prophylactic antibiotics work?

IV antibiotics for infection prevention or treatment

How does an anti-diabetic work?

used to treat high blood sugar levels that are caused by a type of diabetes mellitus or sugar diabetes called type 2 diabetes.

helps to control the amount of glucose in your blood

How does a narcotic work?

blood pain signals by binding to specific brain receptors in the brain

How does a statins work?

block liver’s production of cholesterol, block an enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase

lowers LDL, raises HDL

How does a calcium channel blockers work?

treat high blood pressure, angina, and certain heart rhythm issues

How does a dopamine precursor work?

its absorbed by the brain and converted into dopamine, increasing its levels

what drug type are these: heparin, warfarin, enoxaparin, and Coumadin

anticoagulants

what drug type are these: lisinopril, benazepril, captopril (ends with -pril)

ace inhibitors

what drug type are these: metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol (ends with -olol)

beta blockers

what drug type is this: Celebrex

NSAID COX-2 inhibitors

what drug type are these: methotrexate, sulfasalazine

DMARD (disease modifying)

what drug type are these: Advil, aleve

NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

what drug type are these: Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Vancomycin

prophylactic antibiotics

what drug type are these: metformin

type ll diabetes (insulin resistance/not enough produced)

what drug type are these: oxycodone, morphine, hydrocodone

narcotics (prescription pain meds/opioids)

what drug type are these: atorvastatin, lovastatin, rosuvastatin

statins (lowering cholesterol medications)

what drug type are these: amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil

calcium channel blockers

what inhibits rotate of amine neuro transmitters into presynaptic terminal?

Tricyclic antidepressants

what drug type are these: levodopa, sinemet

dopamine precursors

strength of binding between drug and receptor

affinity

drugs that alter the physiology of a cell by binding to the plasma membrane or intracellular receptors

agonist

maximal effect while only occupying a fraction of available receptor sites

strong agonist

require many more receptor sites to be bound than a strong agonist to elicit similar response

weak agonist

drug that does not elicit maximal effect, even when all receptor sites are occupied

partial agonist

inhibits or blocks responses caused by agonists

antagonists

competes with agonist for receptors

competitive antagonist

blocks the agonist from binding with the receptor by changing the receptor in such a way that the agonist no longer recognizes it

non-competitive antagonist

topical, IV, subcutaneous, inhalation are examples of?

parenteral routes