Chem1515 Chapter 12: Liquids and Solids

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from Chapter 12 related to liquids and solids, focusing on intermolecular forces, properties, and phase changes.

Intermolecular Forces

Forces that occur between molecules and determine the state of a substance (solid, liquid, gas).

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Attractive forces between polar molecules; positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between molecules containing H bonded to F, O, or N.

Dispersion Forces (London Forces)

Weak intermolecular forces resulting from temporary shifts in electron density that create instantaneous dipoles.

Polarizability

The ability of a molecule to have its electron cloud distorted, which increases with size and number of electrons.

Viscosity

The resistance of a liquid to flow; influenced by molecular size and intermolecular interactions.

Surface Tension

The cohesive force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract and behave as a stretched elastic membrane.

Capillary Action

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of external forces, due to adhesion and cohesion.

Phase Changes

Transitions between different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) requiring energy changes (e.g., melting, boiling).

Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.

Covalent Network Solids

Solids in which atoms are connected by a network of covalent bonds, resulting in very high melting points.

Ionic Solids

Solids composed of ions held together by ionic bonds, characterized by high melting points and electrical conductivity when melted or dissolved.

Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids

Crystalline solids have a regular, repeating arrangement of particles, while amorphous solids have no long-range order.

Allotropes

Different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state.

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

An equation that describes the relationship between vapor pressure and temperature for a substance.

Dynamic Equilibrium

A state in which the forward and reverse processes of a reaction occur at the same rate.

Normal Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure equals the external pressure.