Stages of Development

According to Erik Erikson, what is the key psychosocial issue faced during infancy (birth to 1 year)?

Trust vs. mistrust

What developmental task must be resolved during the infancy stage of Erikson's model?

Infants develop a sense of basic trust if their needs are dependably met.

What age range corresponds to the toddlerhood stage in Erikson's psychosocial development model?

1 to 3 years

In Erikson's theory, toddlers (1 to 3 years) face the psychosocial conflict of _____ vs. _____.

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

What outcome occurs in Erikson's toddlerhood stage if toddlers fail to learn to exercise their will?

They doubt their abilities.

Which approximate age group corresponds to Erikson's preschool stage?

3 to 6 years

What primary issue characterizes Erikson's preschool stage (3 to 6 years)?

Initiative vs. guilt

According to Erikson, preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel _____ about their efforts to be independent.

Guilty

What is the age range defined for elementary school children in Erikson's psychosocial stages?

6 years to puberty

What central psychosocial issue do elementary school children face according to Erikson?

Competence vs. inferiority

In Erikson's elementary school stage, children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel _____.

Inferior

What age span represents the adolescence stage in Erikson's model?

Teen years into 20s

What is the central psychosocial conflict during adolescence in Erikson's theory?

Identity vs. role confusion

How do teenagers construct a single identity according to Erikson's model?

By testing roles and then integrating them into a cohesive sense of self.

What age range is associated with young adulthood in Erikson's stages?

20s to early 40s

Young adults (20s to early 40s) face the psychosocial conflict of _____ vs. _____.

Intimacy vs. isolation

What is the developmental goal during young adulthood according to Erik Erikson?

To form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love.

What age range encompasses middle adulthood in Erikson's developmental framework?

40s to 60s

What is the main psychosocial crisis during middle adulthood?

Generativity vs. stagnation

Through what primary means do individuals in middle adulthood express generativity?

Through family and work

What age range constitutes late adulthood in Erikson's model?

Late 60s and up

What psychosocial conflict occurs during late adulthood?

Integrity vs. despair

When reflecting on life during late adulthood, an individual may feel either a sense of _____ or _____.

Satisfaction or failure

At what approximate age level does Kohlberg's preconventional morality typically occur?

Before age 9

What is the primary focus of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's preconventional morality level?

Self-interest; obeying rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards.

"If you save your dying wife, you'll be a hero." Which level of Kohlberg's moral thinking does this statement illustrate?

Preconventional morality

What approximate age period corresponds to Kohlberg's conventional morality level?

Early adolescence

What is the central focus of Kohlberg's conventional morality level?

Upholding laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.

"If you steal the drug for her, everyone will think you're a criminal." Which level of Kohlberg's moral thinking is represented here?

Conventional morality

What is the approximate age range for Kohlberg's postconventional morality level?

Adolescence and beyond

What guides actions in Kohlberg's postconventional morality stage?

Belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles.

"People have a right to live." Which of Kohlberg's moral levels does this statement exemplify?

Postconventional morality

How does moral focus shift from preconventional to conventional morality in Kohlberg's theory?

It shifts from personal self-interest and reward/punishment to social approval and upholding laws/order.

What age range is typical for Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

Birth to nearly 2 years

How do infants explore the world in Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

Through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping).

What two major developmental phenomena emerge during Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

"1. Object permanence

2. Stranger anxiety"

What is the typical age range for Piaget's preoperational stage?

About 2 to about 6 or 7 years

How is cognitive processing described in Piaget's preoperational stage?

Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning.

What are the key developmental phenomena associated with the preoperational stage?

"1. Pretend play

2. Egocentrism"

What age range is characteristic of Piaget's concrete operational stage?

About 7 to 11 years

What type of reasoning emerges during Piaget's concrete operational stage?

Logical thinking about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies, and performing arithmetical operations.

Which two developmental phenomena develop during Piaget's concrete operational stage?

"1. Conservation

2. Mathematical transformations"

What age range defines Piaget's formal operational stage?

About 12 through adulthood

What is the primary mode of reasoning in the formal operational stage?

Abstract reasoning

What developmental phenomena appear during the formal operational stage?

"1. Abstract logic

2. Potential for mature moral reasoning"

The ability to understand that an object continues to exist even when out of sight is known as _____ and develops in the sensorimotor stage.

Object permanence

The inability of a young child in the preoperational stage to take another person's perspective is called _____.

Egocentrism

In Piaget's theory, the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms is called _____.

Conservation

In which stage of cognitive development do children first perform mathematical transformations?

Concrete operational stage

In which stage of cognitive development does a person first acquire the capacity for abstract logic?

Formal operational stage

How does reasoning differ between Piaget's preoperational stage and concrete operational stage?

Preoperational reasoning relies on intuition rather than logic, whereas concrete operational reasoning applies logical thought to concrete events.

Which Piagetian stage overlaps most closely with Kohlberg's postconventional morality level in age of onset?

Formal operational stage (both begin around age 12 / adolescence)

In Erikson's theory, failure to successfully navigate the adolescent stage leads to _____.

Role confusion

In Erikson's theory, failure to form close relationships during young adulthood results in _____.

Feeling socially isolated

What negative outcome may middle-aged adults experience if they fail to develop a sense of generativity?

Stagnation (or a lack of purpose)

What age range is associated with Kohlberg's conventional moral thinking?

Early adolescence

A child who obeys rules specifically to avoid getting punished is operating at Kohlberg's _____ level of morality.

Preconventional

Which stage of Piaget's theory occurs between birth and nearly 2 years?

Sensorimotor stage

Which stage of Erikson's theory corresponds roughly to the age range of 6 years to puberty?

Elementary school

Reflecting on life with a sense of failure is a negative outcome of which Eriksonian stage?

Late adulthood (Integrity vs. despair)