ANSC 221 Exam II study guide

what is the only grain to naturally contain carotene

corn

what grain is used mainly to make bread

wheat

which grain is used most to make beer

barley

what grain is low in energy and preferred for horses

oats

what grain often contains tannin

sorghum

what 2 grains weigh 56 lbs per bushel

corn and sorghum

what grain weighs 60 lbs per bushel

wheat

what weights 32 lbs per bushel

oats

what protein supplements are produced from the meat packing industry

tankage, meat meal, blood meal, dried blood plasma proteins

what mineral supplement is produced form the meat packing industry

bone meal

what protein supplement is produced from the pacific and atlantic ocean

fish meal

what feed is produced from byproducts or waste products from chickens

poultry by-product meal, feather meal

what feed is often fed to mink

fish meal

what feeds are made from dairy products

whole milk, dried skim milk, dried buttermilk, dried whey

what fed is made from the rendering industry

meat and bone meal, tankage

what protein supplement is made from a plant grown for fiber

linseed

what protein supplement is made from coconuts

copra

what protein supplements are often used for bird feed

safflower

name 5 grains

corn, rye, wheat, oats, barley

name 5 products from making beer

wet brewer's grain, dry brewer's grains, spent hops, brewers dried yeast, malt sprouts

what are 3 byproducts from making whiskey

distiller's grains (wet or dry), distiller's condensed or dried solubles, distiller's dried yeast

what are byproducts of corn by the wet milling process

corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed

what byproducts of corn by the dry milling process

corn bran, germ meal, hominy feed

what are the primary products (not fed to animals) of both wet and dry milling of corn

wet = corn starch, corn syrup/sugar corn oil

dry = corn meal, hominy grits, pearly hominy

what is the feed made form the outer covering of the wheat seed

wheat bran

what is the feed made from a combination of the outer covering and other particles of the wheat seed

wheat middlings or wheat germ meal

what is the main feed byproduct from sugar manufacture

sugarcane, sugar beets, citrus fruits, wood

where is fat digested, primarily, and how?

small intestines via pancreatic lipase, bile

why don't the protein digesting enzymes digest the cells that make them

they are produced in an inactivated form, must be activated by HCl first for pepsinogen to become pepsin

describe digestion of carbohydrates in the ruminant animal (cow)

done in the rumen by bacteria (to make VFA), could also be done in the small intestine, with help of the pancreas

describe digestion of carbohydrates in the nonruminant

can only be done in the small intestine of the cecum

how do we determine the value of a feedstuff

commercially: test weight, foreign material, color, broken kernels, moisture

nutritionally: energy, protein/lysine, nutrients

how do we determine the value of a feedstuff's protein

measure the intake of N, the fecal N and the urinary N

how do we determine the value of a feedstuff's energy

TDN or calories

what is protein digestibility

same as nitrogen digestibility

N feed - N feces divided by N feed x 100

what is nitrogen balance

how much the animal is accumulating (could be + or -)

N feed - N feces - N urine

what is nitrogen retention

(N feed - N feces - N urine)/N feed x 100

what is biological value

portion of the digested protein that is retained based on essential AA balance

what is true digestibility

incorporates the metabolic fecal nitrogen while the apparent does not

what is BV or apparent digestibility

includes metabolic fecal nitrogen and endogenous urinary nitrogen while apparent BV does not

what losses of nitrogen occur from the body

fecal, urinary, metabolic

why is the digestibility of nitrogen and the digestibility of protein the same thing

we use N to calculate protein; protein is about 16% N, so we calculate N and multiple by 6.25

what does "endogenous" mean

originating form within the body (did not come directly from the most recent feed)

how could you determine the endogenous secretion

you could mark the feed N with isotopes and quantify any N that wasn't marked OR you could feed a nitrogen feed diet and analyze how much nitrogen is still in feces

what are the 2 different energy systems

TDN and calories

what is TDN

"total digestible nutrients" and an index of energy

how is TDN calculated

(%CP x digestibility) + (%EE x 2.25 x digestibility) + (%CF x digestibility) + (%NFE x digestibility)

what is gross energy

all the energy in a feed; not all available to the animal; determined by how much heat is liberated upon combustion

what is digestible energy

how much energy does not end up in the feces; absorbed energy; not all used by the animal, some is lost

what is metabolizable energy

what is left after accounting fro energy in feces, urine, and gasses; not all available for the animal to use

what is net energy

energy that can be used for productive purposes; metabolizable energy minus heat increment

why is fat of more value in the summer when its hot

fat has a lower heat increment

what is heat increment

the energy lost during metabolic processes of fermentation, inefficiency of the bodily functions

how could 2 feeds have the same TDN and DE values, but be of different energy use to the animal

they could have different heat increments or urinary E

how could a feed be of little protein value even though its biological value is high

could have poor digestibility

how could a feed be of little protein value even though its digestibility is high

could have poor biological value

what does biological value depend on, or what is it indicative of

the essential amino acid balance, the portion of the digestible protein that is retained

what is NPN

non protein nitrogen

what are some examples of NPN

urea, ammonia

where is NPN useful

useful in ruminants

what are the major cereal grains

corn, wheat, barley, milo/sorghum, oats, rye, rice

put the major cereal grains in order from highest in energy to lowest in energy

corn, wheat and milo and rye, barley and rye

why do we feed corn to livestock

ENERGY (it's low in CP and lysine)

what is opaque-2 corn

high lysine corn

who discovered opaque-2 corn

Nelson and Mertz (at Purdue)

what is tannin and what feed is it present in

present in sorghum, makes it bird resistant, binds and precipitates proteins, makes an astringent, not fit for feed this way, can remove with processing, can add methionine to counteract for poultry

what is ergot

a fungus in rye; can produce alkaloids like ergotamine; can cause dry gangrene; psychoactive (like LSD)

what is gossypol

a toxin that causes symptoms like pneumonia present in cottonseed; can feed to ruminants because rumen overcomes; can feed to older individuals

what is trypsin inhibitor

inhibits protein digestion; present in raw soybean; toast soybean to get rid of it (but do not overheat -- denatures protein and destroys urease)

afltoxin

a toxin created by the mold aspergillus flavus present in corn

what feeding problems or toxicities are associated with soybean

trypsin inhibitor and urease

what feeding problems or toxicities are associated with cottonseed

gossypol causing pneumonia symptoms

what feeding problems or toxicities are associated with rye

ergot poisoning, dry gangrene, or LSD-like effects

what feeding problems or toxicities are associated with sorghum

tannin, astringent/precipitate proteins

what feeding problems or toxicities are associated with wheat

can't grind too finely for gluten makes unpalatable; can replace up to the 50% of corn with wheat, but more expensive

what feeding problems or toxicities are associated with oats

low energy and expensive; higher fiber; good for horses

what feeding problems or toxicities are associated with barley

low energy, substantial lysine, but not all available

what feeding problems or toxicities are associated with peanut meal

composition is variable b/c have to extract from shell; aflatoxin

what feeding problems or toxicities are associated with blood meal

not palatable, can be difficult to get good lysine; new methods

what is meant by grain quality

grain trade: test weight, level of foreign material, color, fines and broken kernels, moisture

animal feeding: levels of energy, level of protein, lysine, availability of nutrients

what is the effect of test weight on livestock feeding

almost none (if they can get enough feed to meet their energy needs)

what are the major mycotoxins affecting livestock (and the fungal organisms that produce them)

aflatoxin (aspergillus flavus), deoxynivalenol (gibberella zea), zearalenone (gibberella zea), fumonison (fusarium moniliforme)

what are the methods of processing corn, wheat

hammer mills, roller mills (much better for wheat than hammer), steam flaking, pelleting

what are the major by-products of corn milling

wet milling: corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed

dry milling: corn bran, corn germ meal, hominy feed

what are the major by-products of wheat milling

wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat germ meal

what animals are they usually fed to and why

nonruminants (avoid constipation) and ruminants (fiber and energy content)

what are the major feeds from brewing

brewer's grains (wet or dried), spent hops, brewer's dried yeast, malt sprouts

what are the distiller's byproducts

distiller's grains (wet or dry), distiller's condense or dried solubles, distiller's dried yeast

name several corn byproducts

corn bran, corn germ meal, hominy feed, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, corn meal, hominy grits, pearly hominy, corn starch, corn syrup/sugar, corn oil

name several wheat byproducts

wheat bran, wheat middlings (standard, flour), wheat millrun, shorts (gray, brown, white), red dog, wheat germ

what protein supplements are good substitutes for soybean meal

rapeseed, canola meal, peanut meal

what other oilseed meal are protein supplements (other than soybean meal) and what are their attributes

cottonseed meal, linseed meal, peanut meal, copra, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed, sesame

why is soybean meal heated

remove trypsin inhibtor

what makes the difference between 44 and 48.5% soybean meal

48.5% is dehulled, 44% has hulls added back in to get to 44%

what protein supplements are made from byproducts of the meat packing industry

meat meal, tankage, blood meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, hoof & horn meal, poultry byproducts

what are the major byproducts fed to livestock from corn processing by dry milling

corn bran, corn germ meal, hominy feed

what are the major byproducts fed to livestock from corn processing by wet milling

corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed

what are the major byproducts fed to livestock from wheat processing

wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat germ meal

which livestock is corn gluten meal usually fed ot and why

ruminants because poor quality, but protein slowly degraded in rumen; dog food ot increase CP and energy; poultry

which livestock is corn gluten feed fed to and why

ruminants because not much protein but degraded quickly in rumen