PSY101 flashcards

MC 001. Which route best matches the major visual pathway emphasized in lecture? A) Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital cortex B) Pupil, Broca's area, optic nerve, retina C) Retina, hypothalamus, cerebellum, pupil D) Lens, corpus callosum, retina, medulla

A) Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital cortex. Visual signals leave the retina and relay through the thalamus toward primary visual cortex.

MC 002. Popcorn fears the yellow rug after it has been paired with a loud sound. What is the US? A) The loud sound B) The yellow rug after learning C) The house itself regardless of pairing D) Fear elicited by the rug

A) The loud sound. The loud sound naturally elicits fear, while the rug acquires that role through pairing.

MC 003. Mood, sleep, and appetite are emphasized functions of: A) Myelin B) Serotonin C) Endorphins alone D) Acetylcholine alone

B) Serotonin. The serotonin slides emphasize these regulatory functions.

MC 004. Which set lists the Bobo experiment's conditions in the supplied deck? A) Aggressive model, nonaggressive model, control B) Food, bell, salivation C) High effort, low effort, no rating D) Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval

A) Aggressive model, nonaggressive model, control. Children were assigned to model conditions and later assessed for aggression.

MC 005. Turning the eyes inward to focus on a nearby finger provides which cue? A) Agnosia B) Convergence C) Closure D) Relative size alone

B) Convergence. Eye-position information helps estimate nearby distance.

MC 006. Which is NOT one of the three transmitter-clearance mechanisms emphasized in class? A) Myelin production B) Diffusion away C) Reuptake D) Enzymatic breakdown

A) Myelin production. Myelin affects conduction along axons, not transmitter clearance from the synapse.

MC 007. After training, salivation produced by the tone is the: A) Conditioned response B) Unconditioned stimulus C) Neutral stimulus D) Conditioned stimulus

A) Conditioned response. The learned response is labeled by its occurrence to the CS.

MC 008. Which transmitter group is associated with reducing pain perception? A) Serotonin alone B) Acetylcholine alone C) Dopamine alone D) Endorphins

D) Endorphins. Pain reduction is the central endorphin function emphasized in the deck.

MC 009. Which interpretation of hippocampal function is too strong? A) It is the sole storage location of every kind of memory B) It contributes to formation of new memories C) Its damage can severely impair memory D) It contributes to spatial processing

A) It is the sole storage location of every kind of memory. Memory depends on multiple systems, not a single universal storage site.

MC 010. Reinforcing only some qualifying responses is: A) Unconditioned responding B) Continuous reinforcement C) Intermittent reinforcement D) Aphasia

C) Intermittent reinforcement. Partial reinforcement allows some responses to go unrewarded.

MC 011. In the same initiation experiment, what is the dependent variable? A) Assigned initiation level B) The set of experimental instructions C) The random-assignment procedure D) Liking for the group

D) Liking for the group. Liking is the outcome whose response to the manipulation is measured.

MC 012. What is the strongest reason not to generalize immediately from one unusual patient to all people? A) Case studies always manipulate too many variables B) Individual observations can never be informative C) A single person's behavior cannot be measured D) The patient may not be representative

D) The patient may not be representative. The case can provide insight while differing importantly from the larger population.

MC 013. The trained tone is repeatedly presented without food, and salivation declines. This is: A) Transduction B) Extinction C) Generalization D) Shaping

B) Extinction. The learned cue no longer predicts the US, so the CR weakens.

MC 014. Why can salivation be labeled UR in one trial and CR in another? A) The labels depend only on the amount of saliva B) A CR must always be an entirely different bodily action C) Its label depends on whether food or the learned cue elicited it D) Every response changes from voluntary to involuntary

C) Its label depends on whether food or the learned cue elicited it. Similar responses can have different eliciting stimuli and learning histories.

MC 015. Which eye structure helps focus light onto the retina? A) Thalamus B) Ganglion-cell axon C) Optic nerve D) Lens

D) Lens. The lens helps focus the optical image before neural processing.

MC 016. At a typical chemical synapse, what passes across the gap? A) A segment of myelin B) The neuron's nucleus C) The entire synaptic vesicle D) Released neurotransmitter molecules

D) Released neurotransmitter molecules. Vesicles release neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft.

MC 017. A person recognizes a glass but has difficulty guiding a reach toward it. Which pathway is most implicated? A) Ventral stream alone B) Left speech-production system alone C) Dorsal stream D) Retinal cone system alone

C) Dorsal stream. Dorsal processing supports spatial location and visually guided action.

MC 018. The harsh-initiation group hears an exciting discussion while the mild-initiation group hears a dull one. What is the problem? A) Discussion quality is confounded with initiation condition B) The DV is necessarily unmeasurable C) Random assignment has become random sampling D) The study has no independent variable

A) Discussion quality is confounded with initiation condition. Either discussion quality or initiation could explain the difference in liking.

MC 019. A face is visible, but the viewer cannot recognize whose face it is. Which term fits? A) Closure B) Prosopagnosia C) Interposition D) Convergence

B) Prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is impaired face recognition, often discussed with ventral visual processing.

MC 020. Bandura's contribution in this lecture is to emphasize that people can learn through: A) Only their own direct rewards B) Imitation of observed behavior C) Only punishment applied to them D) Only built-in reflexes

B) Imitation of observed behavior. Direct reinforcement is not the sole path to acquiring behavior.

MC 021. Recognizing a complete number in a segmented digital display illustrates: A) Negative reinforcement B) Binocular disparity C) Sensory relay D) Closure

D) Closure. The visual system organizes separated elements into a completed form.

MC 022. What is wrong with labeling automatic food delivery every minute a standard operant fixed-interval procedure? A) Food cannot reinforce behavior B) Fixed intervals must vary unpredictably C) One minute is too short to be an interval D) No qualifying response is required for delivery

D) No qualifying response is required for delivery. An operant interval schedule reinforces a response after the interval, not just the passage of time.

MC 023. Why can shaping help when the final behavior rarely occurs spontaneously? A) It changes every punishment into classical conditioning B) It requires rewarding all behaviors indefinitely C) It allows reinforcement of achievable approximations first D) It removes the need for any consequences

C) It allows reinforcement of achievable approximations first. An organism can progress toward an initially unlikely target response.

MC 024. Which change most clearly exemplifies learning as defined in lecture? A) An experience-based change in behavior that persists B) A brief slowing caused solely by exhaustion C) A temporary movement caused only by an unexpected muscle spasm D) A reflex that was present before relevant experience

A) An experience-based change in behavior that persists. Learning involves experience and a relatively enduring change.

MC 025. Which distinction is accurate? A) Random sampling concerns who enters a study, while random assignment concerns who receives each condition B) Random sampling and random assignment are interchangeable C) Random sampling by itself makes a study experimental D) Random assignment guarantees population representativeness

A) Random sampling concerns who enters a study, while random assignment concerns who receives each condition. Selection into a study and allocation within it address different design problems.

MC 026. At rest, the inside of a typical neuron is electrically: A) Without any charged particles B) Identical in charge to its outside at all times C) Negative relative to its outside D) Positive relative to its outside

C) Negative relative to its outside. The resting membrane potential reflects a relative negative interior.

MC 027. A red light is paired with an already fear-producing rug, and later the light evokes fear. This is: A) A fixed-ratio schedule B) Negative punishment C) Generalization based only on visual similarity D) Higher-order conditioning

D) Higher-order conditioning. The new cue gains its role through association with an established CS.

MC 028. The term plasticity refers to: A) A purely mechanical property of the skull B) A guarantee that every injury fully recovers C) A fixed number of possible memories D) Changes in neural organization or function with experience or injury

D) Changes in neural organization or function with experience or injury. Plasticity means the nervous system can change, not that recovery is unlimited.

MC 029. Nearby paving stones are individually detailed, while distant ones look densely packed. This illustrates: A) Broca's aphasia B) Texture gradient C) Binocular convergence alone D) Variable ratio reinforcement

B) Texture gradient. Texture becomes denser and less individually resolved with distance.

MC 030. Temperature, thirst, and hunger regulation best match the: A) Occipital lobe B) Broca's area C) Hypothalamus D) Thalamus

C) Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus helps regulate internal bodily needs and states.

MC 031. Which transmitter is emphasized as primarily inhibitory? A) Dopamine B) Endorphins C) GABA D) Acetylcholine

C) GABA. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter emphasized in the slides.

MC 032. Personality and impulse-control changes after Phineas Gage's injury link behavior most directly to: A) Only the medulla B) The optic disc C) The pupil D) Frontal systems

D) Frontal systems. The case illustrates frontal involvement in behavioral regulation.

MC 033. A payoff follows a varying number of responses, averaging eight. Which schedule is used? A) Variable ratio B) Variable interval C) Fixed ratio D) Fixed interval

A) Variable ratio. The response-count requirement varies around an average.

MC 034. The Clive Wearing example most directly illustrates difficulty with: A) Focusing light through the lens B) Producing any coordinated movement at all C) Transferring visual information between eyes D) Forming new memories after memory-system damage

D) Forming new memories after memory-system damage. The case highlights the role of hippocampal systems in new-memory formation.

MC 035. In that example, salivation produced by food before training is the: A) Conditioned stimulus B) Unconditioned stimulus C) Neutral stimulus D) Unconditioned response

D) Unconditioned response. The UR is the response naturally elicited by the US.

MC 036. Which pair makes up the central nervous system? A) Axons and dendrites only B) All muscles and glands C) Brain and spinal cord D) Sensory receptors and skeletal muscles

C) Brain and spinal cord. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

MC 037. An action potential travels toward terminal buttons along the: A) Glial nucleus B) Axon C) Receiving neuron's receptor D) Synaptic cleft

B) Axon. The axon conducts the electrical signal toward output sites.

MC 038. Nodes of Ranvier are: A) Gaps between myelin segments B) The cell bodies of motor neurons C) The junction between the two hemispheres D) Pockets of neurotransmitter inside dendrites

A) Gaps between myelin segments. Gaps in myelin participate in rapid conduction along myelinated axons.

MC 039. In the observational-learning experiment, the aggressive-model group scored much higher than both comparison groups. What is the strongest conclusion? A) Every child became violent B) Observing aggression increased measured aggression in that setting C) Aggression cannot be learned D) The groups necessarily differed before treatment

B) Observing aggression increased measured aggression in that setting. Learn the direction and meaning of the group comparison rather than the exact scores.

MC 040. What is an important limitation of interpreting fMRI activation? A) Its signal is independent of blood flow B) The method cannot indicate location at all C) Associated activity does not by itself prove that region alone causes the behavior D) It directly counts every individual action potential

C) Associated activity does not by itself prove that region alone causes the behavior. Activation supports an association with a task, not exclusive causal responsibility.

MC 041. Why do split-brain experiments control eye position and flash stimuli briefly? A) To prevent the retina from transducing light B) To remove all motor responses C) To make both hemispheres permanently inactive D) To keep the stimulus in the intended visual field

D) To keep the stimulus in the intended visual field. Eye movements could change which visual field receives the object's image.

MC 042. A child acts aggressively, a parent's scolding stops, and aggression increases. What maintains it? A) Positive punishment B) Negative reinforcement C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative punishment

B) Negative reinforcement. Removal of scolding reinforces the aggressive response in this scenario.

MC 043. A dog conditioned to one bell also salivates to a similar-sounding bell without separate training. This is: A) Generalization B) Shaping C) Negative reinforcement D) Higher-order conditioning

A) Generalization. The response extends to a similar stimulus rather than a newly paired distinct cue.

MC 044. A detailed investigation of one patient with an unusual brain injury is a: A) Case study B) Double-blind trial C) Randomized experiment D) Population survey

A) Case study. A case study examines an individual case in depth.

MC 045. A neuron is temporarily unable to fire immediately after an action potential. This is associated with its: A) Refractory period B) Sensory transduction threshold of the lens C) Figure-ground organization D) Conditioned response

A) Refractory period. The recovery period limits immediate refiring.

MC 046. Which process returns released neurotransmitter to the sending neuron? A) Repolarization B) Convergence C) Reuptake D) Myelination

C) Reuptake. Reuptake helps remove neurotransmitter from the synaptic space.

MC 047. The anatomical blind spot results from: A) A lens that never changes its focus B) Absence of an entire visual hemisphere C) Absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve exits the retina D) Too many cones in the fovea

C) Absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve exits the retina. The optic disc lacks rods and cones.

MC 048. A person sees an object's features but cannot identify the object visually. Which pathway is most implicated? A) Motor pathway to the legs B) Dorsal stream alone C) Brainstem breathing pathway D) Ventral stream

D) Ventral stream. The ventral stream is associated with object recognition and visual agnosia.

MC 049. Why is receptor binding compared to a key fitting a lock? A) Every transmitter fits every receptor equally B) A receptor must leave the neuron to collect a vesicle C) A transmitter acts at suitable receptor sites D) An axon must physically touch a dendrite

C) A transmitter acts at suitable receptor sites. Chemical specificity determines which receptors respond to a transmitter.

MC 050. In the term negative reinforcement, negative means: A) The behavior decreases B) A stimulus is removed C) The behavior is morally bad D) The consequence must be a punishment

B) A stimulus is removed. Positive and negative describe addition and removal, independently of behavioral direction.

MC 051. Why is a sex/gender subgroup difference not equivalent to the effect of assigned model condition? A) Subgroup scores cannot ever be calculated B) Only percentages can support a comparison C) Sex/gender was not randomly assigned or experimentally manipulated D) The children could not observe a model

C) Sex/gender was not randomly assigned or experimentally manipulated. Measured participant characteristics do not receive the same causal interpretation as a randomized manipulation.

MC 052. Which redesign most directly tests whether initiation harshness causes liking? A) Interview only members who report extreme liking B) Compare two existing clubs with different reputations C) Randomly assign harsh or mild initiation while holding the group experience constant D) Ask current members to remember how harsh initiation felt

C) Randomly assign harsh or mild initiation while holding the group experience constant. Manipulation, assignment, and control help isolate initiation's causal contribution.

MC 053. A theory predicts that effort increases liking. The prediction is supported once. What follows? A) The theory is now proven for all kinds of effort B) All alternative explanations have been eliminated C) The theory no longer needs testable predictions D) The finding supports the theory but does not prove it

D) The finding supports the theory but does not prove it. A predicted outcome can occur for reasons other than the proposed explanation.

MC 054. A student's interruptions result in removal of a valued privilege, and interruptions decrease. This is: A) Positive punishment B) Negative reinforcement C) Negative punishment D) Positive reinforcement

C) Negative punishment. The valued stimulus is removed contingent on the behavior, reducing that behavior.

MC 055. Which feature would most undermine the lecture's criteria for good science? A) Predictions can be tested against observations B) Measurements follow a defined procedure C) Measurements depend on what the researcher hopes to find D) Other researchers can repeat the procedure

C) Measurements depend on what the researcher hopes to find. Expectation-dependent scoring introduces bias rather than unbiased measurement.

MC 056. Which is the clearest change in a shaping procedure? A) Pairing a bell with food without requiring a behavior B) Delivering rewards at variable time intervals regardless of progress C) Rewarding the same fully learned response every fifth time D) Gradually requiring a more complete version of the desired action before rewarding it

D) Gradually requiring a more complete version of the desired action before rewarding it. Shaping changes which approximation qualifies, rather than only the schedule for an unchanged response.

MC 057. Which statement is a theory rather than a specific hypothesis? A) Participants assigned the harder task will rate today's discussion more favorably B) Mean liking will differ between the two assigned initiation conditions C) The high-effort group will give higher ratings on the study's seven-point scale D) People may increase their valuation of outcomes that require unpleasant effort

D) People may increase their valuation of outcomes that require unpleasant effort. A theory is a broader explanation, whereas the other options specify testable predictions for a study.

MC 058. Cocaine illustrates blockade of the reuptake of: A) Dopamine B) Glial cells C) Myelin D) Sodium

A) Dopamine. The dopamine slides use cocaine as a reuptake-blocking example.

MC 059. Which neurotransmitter is emphasized for muscle action as well as learning and memory? A) Serotonin B) Acetylcholine C) Endorphins D) GABA

B) Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine participates in muscle action and cognitive functions in the lecture.

MC 060. Liking is the DV, measured using a numerical enjoyment scale. What is the dependent measure? A) The high-effort condition B) The broad effort-justification theory C) The assignment procedure D) The numerical enjoyment score

D) The numerical enjoyment score. The measure is the specific way the outcome concept is assessed.

MC 061. The first response after exactly five minutes earns reinforcement. Which schedule is used? A) Variable interval B) Fixed ratio C) Variable ratio D) Fixed interval

D) Fixed interval. Availability depends on a fixed elapsed time and a subsequent qualifying response.

MC 062. Before training, food produces salivation while a tone does not. Food is the: A) Neutral response B) Conditioned response C) Unconditioned stimulus D) Conditioned stimulus

C) Unconditioned stimulus. Food naturally elicits the target response without this association being learned.

MC 063. What did Little Albert's fear of additional furry objects illustrate in the lecture? A) Shaping by food rewards B) Generalization C) Negative punishment D) Fixed-interval learning

B) Generalization. Fear extended from the conditioned stimulus to similar stimuli.

MC 064. Which interpretation of transmitter-function associations is most defensible? A) Transmitters contribute to several functions within interacting neural systems B) A transmitter has one function everywhere it acts C) Each complex disorder has exactly one chemical cause D) A transmitter's presence proves a particular emotion

A) Transmitters contribute to several functions within interacting neural systems. The lecture's associations are useful, but do not justify a one-chemical account of every behavior.

MC 065. Which pairing matches the lecture's procedural-memory examples? A) Pupil and verbal comprehension B) Cerebellum and practiced motor skills C) Occipital lobe and hunger regulation D) Thalamus and all autobiographical memories

B) Cerebellum and practiced motor skills. Tying shoes and riding a bicycle illustrate learned motor skills in the cerebellum discussion.

MC 066. Gestalt psychology emphasizes that perception: A) Depends entirely on one eye B) Requires a reward for every recognized object C) Is only a list of independent receptor activations D) Organizes sensations into structured wholes

D) Organizes sensations into structured wholes. The organized percept has properties beyond isolated sensory elements.

MC 067. Which example is primarily about perception rather than initial sensation? A) Recognizing a pattern of visual input as a familiar face B) Light entering the pupil C) Light stimulating retinal receptors D) The cornea bending incoming rays

A) Recognizing a pattern of visual input as a familiar face. Recognition requires interpretation and organization of sensory information.

MC 068. What was a dependent measure in the Bobo study? A) Assignment to an aggressive model B) The random-allocation procedure C) The model-condition label D) Novel physical aggression score

D) Novel physical aggression score. The score measures the later behavior of interest.

MC 069. Why assign participants to initiation conditions by chance? A) To ensure every participant has the same personality B) To reduce systematic preexisting differences between conditions C) To guarantee a representative national sample D) To make an outcome measure unnecessary

B) To reduce systematic preexisting differences between conditions. Random assignment balances characteristics on average, not perfectly in every realized sample.

MC 070. A finding is repeated by independent investigators using an appropriate procedure. Which scientific goal does this address? A) Replicability B) Reverse causation C) Operationalizing the original IV for the first time D) Eliminating all possible future alternatives

A) Replicability. Reproducing an effect strengthens confidence in its reliability without proving a theory permanently.

MC 071. A researcher defines effort as the embarrassment produced by reading assigned words aloud. The researcher is: A) Randomly sampling effort B) Operationalizing effort C) Measuring the dependent variable of liking D) Proving that embarrassment is the only kind of effort

B) Operationalizing effort. The abstract idea is translated into a concrete manipulation.

MC 072. Prozac illustrates which mechanism in the slides? A) Destroying all serotonin receptors B) Blocking serotonin reuptake C) Increasing myelin production directly D) Blocking acetylcholine release at muscle

B) Blocking serotonin reuptake. The lecture uses it as an example of keeping serotonin available longer.

MC 073. A reward follows every eighth correct response. Which schedule is used? A) Variable interval B) Fixed interval C) Fixed ratio D) Variable ratio

C) Fixed ratio. The requirement is a predictable response count.

MC 074. A demyelinating condition would most directly disrupt: A) The number of experimental conditions B) Efficient conduction along axons C) The pupil's ability to admit light D) Only the size of a neuron's nucleus

B) Efficient conduction along axons. Myelin supports rapid, efficient transmission along an axon.

MC 075. Railroad tracks appear to meet in the distance. This is: A) Higher-order conditioning B) Linear perspective C) Figure-ground reversal D) A refractory period

B) Linear perspective. Parallel lines appearing to converge provide distance information.

MC 076. A typical split-brain participant fixates centrally while a spoon is flashed to the right. Which response is most expected? A) Being unable to process the spoon in either hemisphere B) Losing all ability to see the right visual field C) Verbally naming the spoon D) Selecting it only with the left hand while being unable to name it

C) Verbally naming the spoon. Right-field information initially reaches the left hemisphere, which typically supports language.

MC 077. Fear-related processing and emotional significance are closely associated in lecture with the: A) Motor axon terminal B) Pons C) Cornea D) Amygdala

D) Amygdala. The amygdala is emphasized in emotional and fear-related processing.

MC 078. A person fails to attend to the left side of space after right-hemisphere damage. This illustrates: A) Prosopagnosia B) Hemispatial neglect C) Loss of only the left eye's input D) A learned fear response

B) Hemispatial neglect. Neglect concerns spatial attention rather than a simple eye-specific visual deficit.

MC 079. Seeing a vase in one moment and two faces in the next primarily illustrates: A) Operant extinction B) Reuptake C) Figure-ground organization D) Random assignment

C) Figure-ground organization. The same contours can be organized with different regions treated as figure.

MC 080. A neuron carries a signal that contributes to a muscle contraction. It is functioning as a: A) Photoreceptor B) Sensory receptor C) Glial cell D) Motor neuron

D) Motor neuron. Motor neurons carry output that influences muscles.

MC 081. The optic nerve consists of axons of: A) The iris muscles B) The medulla's breathing neurons C) The lens cells D) Retinal ganglion cells

D) Retinal ganglion cells. Retinal ganglion-cell axons carry information out of the eye.

MC 082. A researcher wants precise timing of a rapid neural response. Which method best matches that goal? A) A retrospective interview alone B) Autopsy alone C) EEG D) fMRI solely for its timing

C) EEG. EEG records electrical activity with strong temporal resolution.

MC 083. A child grabs a toy aggressively, gets the toy, and grabs more often. What maintains the aggression? A) Negative punishment B) Positive punishment C) Negative reinforcement D) Positive reinforcement

D) Positive reinforcement. Access to the toy is added after aggression and increases it.

MC 084. The first response after varying time periods earns reinforcement. Which schedule is used? A) Fixed interval B) Fixed ratio C) Variable ratio D) Variable interval

D) Variable interval. The time before reinforcement becomes available varies.

MC 085. What makes a laboratory useful for a causal test? A) It removes the need for random assignment B) It can help hold extraneous influences constant C) It guarantees results generalize to every setting D) It makes hypotheses true by definition

B) It can help hold extraneous influences constant. Control reduces alternative explanations, but does not automatically establish generalizability.

MC 086. What determines whether a neuron generates an action potential in the lecture's model? A) Whether its axon contains only inhibitory signals B) Whether its nucleus changes size C) Whether integrated input reaches threshold D) Whether any single transmitter molecule touches any site

C) Whether integrated input reaches threshold. Excitatory and inhibitory inputs contribute to whether threshold is reached.

MC 087. Which structures first transduce light in the retina? A) The lens and cornea B) Rods and cones C) The pupil and iris D) Axon terminals in Broca's area

B) Rods and cones. Photoreceptors convert light into neural signals.

MC 088. Which feature is essential to the lecture's experimental comparison? A) A control group that always receives absolutely nothing B) A predicted result that must be obtained C) Participants from every possible population D) At least two levels of the manipulated variable

D) At least two levels of the manipulated variable. An experiment compares outcomes across levels, which need not include a no-treatment level.

MC 089. A friend walks away but still looks like a normally sized person. This illustrates: A) Size constancy B) A fixed retinal image size C) An increase in physical body size D) Failure to detect any distance change

A) Size constancy. Perceived physical size stays relatively stable while the retinal image becomes smaller.

MC 090. Club prestige increases both willingness to endure initiation and later liking. Prestige is a possible: A) Randomly assigned condition B) Third-variable explanation C) Dependent measure of embarrassment D) Proof of the original causal theory

B) Third-variable explanation. A third variable can influence both variables in an observed association.

MC 091. A psychologist studies how expectations influence what people see. This falls within psychology because psychology studies: A) Only biological structures B) Mind and behavior scientifically C) Only mental disorders D) Only directly visible movements

B) Mind and behavior scientifically. Perception and expectations are mental processes that can be studied scientifically.

MC 092. Which structure is a major sensory relay, with smell as the classic exception? A) Hypothalamus B) Corpus callosum C) Thalamus D) Cerebellum

C) Thalamus. The thalamus relays major sensory input toward cortex.

MC 093. Two inputs reach a neuron, one excitatory and one inhibitory. What should you conclude? A) The inhibitory input must create a smaller action potential B) Firing depends on their combined effect and other inputs C) Excitatory input always overrides inhibition D) The neuron must fire twice

B) Firing depends on their combined effect and other inputs. Receiving excitation does not guarantee reaching threshold when inhibition is also present.

MC 094. Reduced dopamine is linked in lecture to symptoms of: A) Hemispatial neglect B) Parkinson's disease C) Prosopagnosia D) Broca's aphasia

B) Parkinson's disease. Dopamine participates in movement as well as reward processing.

MC 095. A coach rewards a slight turn, then a half-turn, then only a full turn. The coach uses: A) Shaping B) Generalization C) Figure-ground organization D) Reuptake

A) Shaping. Successively closer approximations to the final behavior are reinforced.

MC 096. An assessor knows which children saw an aggressive model and scores their ambiguous actions more harshly. This is: A) Observer bias B) An operational definition alone C) Random sampling D) A successfully blinded assessment

A) Observer bias. Condition knowledge is influencing the observation or scoring.

MC 097. Damage to the medulla most directly threatens: A) Fine visual color discrimination alone B) Ability to distinguish a CS from a US alone C) Basic breathing and heart-rate regulation D) Recognition of familiar faces alone

C) Basic breathing and heart-rate regulation. The medulla contributes to basic life-sustaining functions.

MC 098. A child copies an adult's novel action without having been rewarded for it. This most directly illustrates: A) Only direct positive reinforcement B) Observational learning C) Sensory adaptation D) Only an unconditioned reflex

B) Observational learning. The learner acquires behavior through observing a model.

MC 099. Why do people appear unusually different in size in an Ames room? A) The room eliminates every monocular cue B) Both people occupy exactly equal retinal image sizes at all times C) Distorted geometry creates mistaken estimates of their distances D) Their physical heights change as they move

C) Distorted geometry creates mistaken estimates of their distances. An apparently ordinary room leads the viewer to attribute retinal-size differences to body size rather than true distance.

MC 100. Which lobe-function pairing is correct? A) Temporal lobe and hearing B) Frontal lobe and retinal transduction C) Occipital lobe and hunger control D) Parietal lobe and breathing rhythm alone

A) Temporal lobe and hearing. The temporal lobe includes primary auditory processing and contributes to memory and language.