Grade 10 English: Literature, Multimodal Texts, and Professional Writing

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering English 10 units on Lyric Poetry, Narrative Poetry (Dante's Inferno), Greek Epics (The Iliad, Prometheus), Narrative Prose ("The Necklace", Norse Mythology), Short Film Scripts, Multimodal Informational Texts (Documentaries and Vlogs), and Letters of Application.

What is the primary defining characteristic of lyric poetry?

It is a short, non-narrative poem typically written in the first person that focuses on expressing personal emotions, thoughts, and internal experiences rather than telling a story.

From what ancient Greek instrument does the term "lyric" originate?

The lyre ($\text{lyra}$), a stringed musical instrument used in ancient Greece to accompany the recitation and performance of poetry.

In poetry, what is the difference between an iambic meter and a trochaic meter?

An iambic meter consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, whereas a trochaic meter consists of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable.

What syllable patterns define dactylic and anapestic meters?

Dactylic meter consists of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables, while anapestic meter consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable.

How do alliteration and consonance differ as poetic sound devices?

Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds specifically at the beginning of nearby words, while consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning, middle, or end of nearby words.

What is the structural division and rhyme scheme of a traditional Petrarchan sonnet?

It consists of $14$ lines divided into an eight-line octave (rhyming $ABBAABBA$) that presents a problem or conflict, followed by a six-line sestet (rhyming $CDECDE$ or $CDCDCD$) that provides a resolution or reflection.

What is the "volta" in a Petrarchan sonnet?

The "turn" or pivotal shift in perspective, emotional state, or thought that occurs between the octave and the sestet.

What real-life biographical experience inspired Francesco Petrarca's famous sonnet collection, "Canzoniere"?

His intense, unrequited love and longing for a woman named Laura, who served as an enduring symbol of unattainable ideal beauty.

In Emily Dickinson's poem "I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain," what does the central metaphor of a funeral represent?

A mental breakdown, psychological crisis, or the loss of rational thought and the self.

What metrical structure and stanza rhyme scheme are used in William Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"?

It is written in iambic tetrameter with an $ABABCC$ rhyme scheme in each stanza.

What is the principle of "contrapasso" in Dante Alighieri's Inferno?

The concept of divine justice meaning "suffer the opposite," where the punishment assigned to a sinner in Hell directly reflects or symbolizes the nature of their sin.

How are the gluttonous punished in the third circle of Dante's Inferno?

They are forced to lie prone in foul, icy slush under a perpetual storm of heavy cold rain, snow, and hail while being flayed and rent by the three-headed monster Cerberus.

What constitutes the internal conflict (character vs. self) experienced by Dante in Inferno?

His inner confrontation with personal guilt, moral failings, and the struggle to achieve spiritual enlightenment and redemption as he witnesses the consequences of sin.

What are deictic expressions, and what role do spatial deictic elements play in Dante's Inferno?

Deictic expressions are words whose meanings depend on context (pronouns, time words, place words); spatial deixis anchors the reader by specifying exact locations (such as "the Third Circle"), guiding them through Hell's moral hierarchy.

What is terza rima, and what effect does it produce in Dante's The Divine Comedy?

An interlocking three-line stanza rhyme scheme ($ABA\,BCB\,CDC$) that creates a continuous, propulsive rhythm mirroring the soul's relentless journey while reflecting divine cosmic order.

What do the recurring motifs of darkness and fire symbolize throughout Dante's Inferno?

Darkness symbolizes ignorance, spiritual blindness, and separation from God, while fire symbolizes divine retribution and eternal torment.

What punishment do the avaricious and the prodigal endure in the fourth circle of Hell?

They roll massive weights forward by force of their chests in opposing semicircles, crashing into one another while shouting accusations: "Why keepest?" and "Why squanderest thou?"

How does Virgil define Fortune in Canto VII of Inferno?

As a divine ministress and guide ordained by God who distributes and shifts worldly wealth from race to race beyond the reach of human wisdom and control.

What historical factional conflict in 14th-century Florence led to Dante Alighieri's exile in 1302?

The conflict between the White Guelphs (who opposed excessive papal interference and supported civic autonomy) and the Black Guelphs (who backed the Pope).

What is the contrapasso punishment of the diviners, astrologers, and magicians in Canto XX of Inferno?

Their heads are twisted completely backwards toward their reins, forcing them to walk in reverse because they improperly attempted to see too far into the future.

What is "in medias res," and what is its primary effect on narrative storytelling?

A narrative technique where a story begins in the middle of the action rather than at the chronological beginning, immediately immersing the audience in high tension and revealing the backstory later.

What was "xenia" in ancient Greek culture?

The sacred cultural and religious concept of hospitality, which dictated that hosts must treat guests and strangers with kindness and respect.

How does the depiction of deities in Greek mythology differ from that in Norse mythology?

Greek gods are heavily humanized with relatable emotions, jealousies, and moral flaws, whereas Norse myths emphasize the gods' vulnerability to fate and inevitable mortality during Ragnarok.

What ignites the central character vs. character conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon in Book I of The Iliad?

Agamemnon is forced to return Chryseis to appease Apollo and subsequently dishonors Achilles by seizing Achilles' war prize, Briseis, prompting Achilles to withdraw from battle.

How is character vs. society conflict embodied by Hector in The Iliad?

Hector is torn between his personal desire for safety with his family and his societal obligation, honor, and duty to defend the city of Troy.

What meter is characteristic of classical ancient Greek epic poetry such as The Iliad?

Dactylic hexameter.

What was Prometheus's punishment for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to humanity?

Zeus had him chained to a rock on Mount Caucasus, where an eagle tore out his liver each day, which regenerated each night for eternal torment until Heracles killed the eagle.

How did the infant god Hermes conceal his theft of Apollo's sacred cattle?

He reversed the direction of the cattle's hooves so their tracks appeared to lead in the opposite direction.

What two primary conflicts drive the plot of Guy de Maupassant's short story "The Necklace"?

Character vs. society (Mathilde's resentment of her modest social class) and character vs. self (her vanity, pride, and persistent discontent with her life).

In semiotics, how do the signifier, signified, and referent function in "The Necklace"?

The signifier is the physical necklace; the signified is wealth, beauty, and high social standing; and the referent is an inexpensive paste imitation worth at most $500$ francs.

What is the central situational irony at the end of Guy de Maupassant's "The Necklace"?

Mathilde and her husband endure $10$ years of crushing poverty and debt to pay $36,000$ francs to replace a lost diamond necklace, only to learn the original was fake and worth at most $500$ francs.

In Norse mythology, what natural forces do the giants (Jotnar) symbolize in their conflicts with Thor?

Chaotic and destructive natural forces such as storms, freezing cold, and wild, unforgiving landscapes.

What sacrifice did Odin make at the Well of Wisdom beneath the roots of Yggdrasil?

He plucked out one of his eyes and dropped it into Mimir's well to gain cosmic wisdom, insight, and foresight regarding Ragnarok.

How did Tyr demonstrate communal responsibility in "The Binding of Fenrir"?

He placed his hand in the wolf Fenrir's mouth as a pledge of good faith so the gods could bind Fenrir with the magical ribbon Gleipnir, sacrificing his hand for Asgard's safety.

What is the standard three-act structure used in short film scripts?

Act 1: Setup (introduces characters, setting, and conflict); Act 2: Confrontation (develops obstacles and escalates tension); Act 3: Resolution (resolves the conflict and provides closure).

What is a slug line in a screenplay, and how is it formatted?

A scene heading written in all capital letters that indicates whether the scene is interior ($\text{INT.}$) or exterior ($\text{EXT.}$), the specific location, and the time of day.

In film scriptwriting, what is a "smash cut"?

A sudden, jarring transition that abruptly contrasts the previous scene with the next, often used for dramatic or comedic shock effect.

What are the four essential elements of a filmmaking storyboard?

Frames and sequencing, shot composition (angles, lighting, framing), dialogue and annotations, and character placement and movement.

What are the four methodical steps in the storyboarding process?

Conceptualization, Sketching, Refining, and Finalizing.

How do visual storyboard elements correspond to written screenplay components?

Visual panels correspond to slug lines, scene descriptions to action lines, dialogue excerpts to dialogue blocks, and camera directions to parentheticals or transition notes.

What are the standard typography and margin specifications for a professional screenplay?

A $12$-point Courier font with one-inch margins on all sides.

In scriptwriting, how do coherence and cohesion differ?

Coherence ensures that the narrative flow and sequence of scenes make logical sense, while cohesion ensures that the language, transitional devices, and style bind sentences and scenes smoothly.

What three items are typically included in a script presentation package for publication?

A concise synopsis, character breakdowns, and a director's vision statement.

What are the five common text structures used in informational texts?

Description, sequence/chronology, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and problem and solution.

What is the difference between a hypothetical audience and a real audience?

A hypothetical audience is the imagined group of readers a writer envisions while drafting, whereas a real audience consists of the actual people who read or watch the published work.

What defines formal diction versus technical diction?

Formal diction uses sophisticated, elevated vocabulary without slang or contractions for professional contexts, while technical diction uses specialized, domain-specific terminology for expert fields.

What are the four grammatical sentence structures based on clauses?

Simple (one independent clause), Compound (two or more independent clauses), Complex (one independent clause and at least one dependent clause), and Compound-Complex (multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause).

What are the three core principles of technical editing in informational texts?

Consistency (uniform formatting and terminology), Accuracy (verifiable, correct facts, data, and grammar), and Readability (clear language, typography, and accessible organization).

What three criteria should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of animations in informational texts?

Clarity (easy to follow with proper visual cues), Relevance (directly aligns with and supports the text), and Quality (smooth transitions, proper pacing, and professional design).

What are the standard structural components of a documentary film?

Introduction (hook, background information, thesis/central theme), Body (interviews, archival footage, reenactments, expert analysis, statistics, narration), and Conclusion (summary, call to action, final insights).

How do narrative and expository structures differ in documentaries?

Narrative structure follows a storytelling arc (three-act model) to build emotional engagement through personal journeys, while expository structure uses a narrator and factual evidence to inform and persuade through logic.

What are the five key standards used to evaluate the veracity of a documentary or vlog?

Credibility of the author/producer, accuracy of information, relevance and timeliness, objectivity of presentation, and scope of coverage.

In textual analysis, what distinguishes quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?

Quoting reproduces the exact words of a source inside quotation marks; paraphrasing restates the source's ideas in one's own words; summarizing condenses a larger body of information into its essential points.

What are the primary differences between a vlog and a traditional documentary?

A vlog is a personal, creator-centered digital video using direct address and conversational tone; a documentary is a formally researched, structured film that explores a topic through a more objective lens.

What five journalistic principles are used to assess the quality of vlogs and documentaries?

Simplicity and brevity, precision, objectivity and factuality, fairness and balance, and ethics.

What does editing for textual consistency in a documentary script involve?

Maintaining uniformity in tone, verb tense, point of view (typically third person, unless using personal reflections), and technical formatting throughout the script.

What are the four main types of letters of application based on purpose?

Employment applications, scholarship applications, internship applications, and training program applications.

How do chronological and functional organizational patterns differ in a letter of application?

Chronological format presents experiences and education in reverse-chronological order to show career progression, while functional format groups information by skill categories and competencies regardless of dates.

How do block format and semi-block format differ in formal letter writing?

In block format, all elements (heading, address, salutation, body, close) are left-aligned with no paragraph indentation; in semi-block format, the first line of each paragraph is indented.

What are the six structural parts of a formal letter of application?

Heading (sender address and date), inside address (recipient details), salutation, body (introduction, middle/qualifications, closing), complimentary close, and signature with printed name.

How do cultural norms in Western versus Asian/Filipino milieus influence the tone of an application letter?

Western norms favor direct assertiveness and explicit self-promotion, whereas Asian/Filipino norms emphasize deference, humility, modesty, and respectful honorifics.

What are "hedging" expressions in formal application letters, and why are they used?

Language techniques that soften statements (e.g., "I believe I can contribute" instead of "I will contribute") to express confidence with humility and avoid sounding overly demanding.

What etiquette rules apply when sending a letter of application via email?

Use a professional email address, include a clear formal subject line with your name and position, attach the letter as a PDF, write a brief polite body message, and wait one to two weeks before following up.