DOST JLSS Scholarship Reviewer - Science Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive vocabulary flashcard set based on the DOST JLSS scholarship reviewer transcript, covering Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Earth Science, and general scientific history.

Micro molecules

Small organic molecules such as amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids that serve as the framework for macromolecules.

Macromolecules

Large organic molecules called polymers that are built from smaller molecules called monomers; examples include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars such as fructose, glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$), and galactose that serve as the main fuel cells use for work.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates composed of many sugar monomers linked together, such as Starch (plants), Glycogen (animals), and Cellulose (fiber).

Lipids

Hydrophobic (water-fearing) molecules including fats, waxes, steroids, and oils used for energy storage and insulation.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Typically animal fats that exist as solids at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Plant oils that tend to be low in saturated fatty acids and exist as liquids at room temperature.

Steroids

Lipids characterized by cholesterol as the base from which the body produces variants like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.

Proteins

Molecules made from amino acid monomers that build cells and act as hormones and enzymes.

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate; the cellular energy source made of a nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups; becomes ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) when used.

Homeostasis

The ability of a living organism to maintain internal balance.

Unicellular

Organisms composed of one cell, such as bacteria, protozoa, and ciliates.

S Phase

The Synthesis Phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication takes place.

Mitosis

A process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and produces two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.

Meiosis

A process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.

Archaebacteria

The oldest living organisms on Earth that can tolerate extreme environments like high temperatures and salinity.

Cyanobacteria

Autotrophic bacteria that obtain energy through the process of photosynthesis.

Simple Random Sampling

A probability sampling technique that assigns equal probabilities of selection to each possible sample; ideal for geographically concentrated and homogenous populations.

Stratified Random Sampling

A technique obtained by dividing the population into distinct groups known as strata and taking a random sample from each.

Purposive Sampling

A non-probability sampling method that relies on specific criteria set by the researcher to select individual interviewees.

Intensive Property

A physical property independent of the quantity of the substance, such as boiling point, color, or luster.

Extensive Property

A physical property that depends on the quantity of the substance, such as volume, mass, or weight.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

The theory stating that elements are made of tiny particles called atoms, and atoms of different elements form compounds in constant ratios.

Mass Number (A)

The total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom.

Dmitri Mendeleev

The inventor of the modern periodic table who originally arranged elements in order of increasing atomic weight.

Noble Gases

Group 18 elements that are colorless, odorless, and show low reactivity due to filled valence electron shells.

Lewis Base

A substance that donates an electron pair.

Brønsted-Lowry Acid

A substance that donates a proton ($H^+$) to another substance.

Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

Enantiomers

Molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

Avogadro’s Constant

Represented as $N_A$, the number of entities in one mole, equal to $6.022 \times 10^{23}$.

Boyle’s Law

The gas law stating that pressure and volume are inversely proportional ($P_1V_1 = P_2V_2$) when temperature and quantity are constant.

Ideal Gas Law Formula

$$PV = nRT$$

Newton’s Second Law

States that the force required to accelerate an object is the product of its mass and acceleration ($F = ma$).

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with an object's motion, calculated as $K.E = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$.

Potential Energy

Energy stored in an object or system, calculated as $\text{Potential Energy} = m \times g \times h$.

Ohm’s Law

States the relationship between electric current ($I$), potential difference ($V$), and resistance ($R$).

Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava, such as Basalt or Granite.

Continental Drift Theory

Proposed by Alfred Wegener, suggesting that continents were once a single landmass called Pangea surrounded by Panthalassa.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

The principle stating it is impossible to simultaneously know both the position and momentum of a particle with absolute certainty.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms into hierarchical categories based on shared characteristics.

Cuneiform

The first writing system, invented by the Sumerians using wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets.

Maya - 1

The name of the first Cube Satellite of the Philippines.

Phreatic Eruption

The type of eruption emitted by Mt. Kanlaon on June 3, 2024, involving steam and pre-existing solid rock.