bio quiz (enzymes, cell membrane, cellular transport)

enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process.

substrate specificity

refers to the ability of an enzyme to selectively catalyze a reaction for a particular substrate while excluding others. This property ensures that enzymes are efficient and effective in facilitating specific biochemical processes. (substrates bind with enzymes)

active site

The region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

optimal temperatures and PH

the specific temperature range at which an enzyme performs most efficiently, maximizing its activity without denaturing. vary for different enzymes,

saturation

the point at which an enzyme's active site is fully occupied by substrates, resulting in the maximum rate of reaction.

activation energy

minimum amount of energy that chemical reactants must absorb to start a reaction

allosteric

a type of enzyme whose activity is regulated when a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site, causing a structural change that alters its function.

competitive inhibation

inhibitor binds to active site, has similar shape to substance

non-competitive inhibitor

binds to another site, causes enzymes to change shape so substrate cannot fit

induced fit

an enzyme is flexible, and its active site changes shape slightly to firmly embrace a substrate when they bind

uses of enzymes

• digestion

• lactase (breaks down lactose)

• food + beverage processing

• serves as potential industrial or medical tools

phospholipids

lipids that form the membrane that have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

proteins

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition,

intergral proteins- embedded in bilayer

peripheral proteins-on surface of membrane

glycolipids

facilitates cellular recognition and interaction

glycoproteins

receptors for cell signaling

cholesterol

low temperatures- prevents F’As from packing closer together

high temperatures- restrains phospholipids movements

diffusion

movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

high concentration to low concentration, uses protein complexes that span the membrane

passive transport

movement of substances without the use of energy

active transport

molecules movement goes against concentration grid (low to high), requires energy and protein pump

osmosis

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration

isotonic

no change in mass

animal-normal

plant-flaccid

hypotonic

water rushes in

animal-lyse

turgid-plant

hypertonic

water rushes out

animal-shrivel

plant-plasmolysed

endocytosis

into the cell

phagocytosis

“cellular eating”: cell engulfs particle in a vacuole

pinocytosis

“cellular drinking”: cell creates vesicle around fluid

exocytosis

out of cell, large molecules such as polysaccharides and proteins cross membrane via vesicles