GENSCI 11 1st SEM FINALS

Chemistry

What is Spontaneous Generation Theory?

Historical belief that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter, disproved - microorganisms come from existing microorganisms.

What is Miasma Theory?

Belief that diseases were caused by bad or polluted air, popular in 19th century, now replaced by germ theory.

What is Germ Theory?

Many infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Who is Louis Pasteur?

Scientist known for microbiology, pasteurization, attenuation, and vaccination.

What is Pasteurization?

Process that heats liquids to specific temperature and time to reduce harmful microorganisms while preserving quality, ex: milk.

What is Attenuation?

Weakening a pathogen so it stimulates immune response without causing usual disease.

What is Vaccination?

Stimulates immune system to develop protection against a disease.

What is DOH Philippines?

Department of Health, government agency for public health and vaccination for measles, polio, hepatitis.

What is Glycerin?

Also called glycerol, a humectant that attracts and retains moisture to hydrate skin.

What are Surfactants?

Lower surface tension of water, help water spread and oil and water mix, remove dirt and grease, used in soaps and shampoos.

What are Preservatives?

Prevent or slow growth of microorganisms, protect against contamination, maintain quality, extend usable life.

How are ingredient labels arranged?

In descending order of concentration, greater amounts listed first.

What is Sodium Hypochlorite NaClO?

Active disinfecting and whitening ingredient in household chlorine bleach.

What is Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3?

Washing soda, detergent builder that reduces hard water effects from calcium and magnesium ions.

What is Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3?

Baking soda, reacts with acid -> Salt + Water + CO2, helps baked goods rise.

What is Eutrophication?

Enrichment of water with nutrients from phosphates causing excessive algal growth, harmful blooms, reduced dissolved oxygen.

What does Fluoride do?

Strengthens tooth enamel, promotes remineralization, protects against cavities.

What do Enzymes in detergents do?

Biological catalysts that break down particular types of stains.

What is DTI?

Department of Trade and Industry, promotes consumer protection and fair trade.

What is FDA Philippines?

Regulates products to ensure safety, quality, and compliance.

What is DENR?

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, environmental protection and pollution control.

What is a Chemical Reaction?

Process where reactants transform into products, atoms rearranged, bonds break and form, atoms conserved.

What do (s) (l) (g) (aq) mean?

(s)=solid, (l)=liquid, (g)=gas, (aq)=aqueous dissolved in water.

What are evidences of chemical change?

Gas/bubbling, color change, precipitate (insoluble solid), heat release/absorption, light emission, odor change.

What is Decomposition Reaction?

One compound breaks into simpler substances, AB -> A + B.

What is Acid-Carbonate Reaction?

Acid + carbonate produces salt + water + carbon dioxide.

What is Oxidation vs Reduction?

Oxidation = loss of electrons, Reduction = gain of electrons.

What is coefficient vs subscript?

Coefficient = number before formula, subscript = small number inside formula.

What happens in H2O2 decomposition?

Releases oxygen gas bubbles, bubbling does not mean all bacteria killed.

What is Galvanized Steel?

Iron/steel coated with zinc, zinc forms protective coating and provides sacrificial protection by corroding first.

What is Complete Combustion?

Hydrocarbon with sufficient oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water.

What is Incomplete Combustion?

Insufficient oxygen -> Carbon monoxide + soot, CO is poisonous colorless odorless.

What is Electrolysis of Water?

Uses electrical energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases.

Baking Soda + Vinegar equation?

NaHCO3 + CH3COOH -> CH3COONa + H2O + CO2, produces bubbling CO2.

What is Alcoholic Fermentation?

Yeast converts glucose to ethanol and CO2, C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2.

What is Caramelization?

Heat transforms sugars, produces brown color, caramel aroma, sweet nutty bitter flavors.

What is Maillard Reaction?

Reducing sugars + amino acids/proteins + heat -> browning and complex flavors, different from caramelization which is only sugar.

What is Protein Denaturation?

Protein loses its normal three-dimensional structure.

What is Sous Vide?

Sealed in bag, cooked in temperature-controlled water bath for precise control, sear after for Maillard browning.

Safe handling of household chemicals?

Keep in original labeled containers, out of children's reach, follow label, ventilate, never in beverage bottles, never mix cleaners unless allowed, don't pour in storm drain.

Classify: CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2

Decomposition

Classify: 2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2

Decomposition

Classify: 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2

Decomposition

Classify: 2KClO3 -> 2KCl + 3O2

Decomposition

Classify: H2CO3 -> H2O + CO2

Decomposition

Classify: 2NaHCO3 -> Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (heated)

Decomposition

Classify: Na2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Acid-Carbonate

Classify: CaCO3 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Acid-Carbonate

Classify: NaHCO3 + HCl -> NaCl + H2O + CO2

Acid-Carbonate

Classify: NaHCO3 + CH3COOH -> CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

Acid-Carbonate