movement analysis midterm

what is a research paper abstract?

Brief summary of the entire study

what is the intro in a research paper?

Introduces the research topic, context, research question, and hypothesis

what are the methods in a research paper?

explains how the study was conducted

what are the methods in a research paper?

Presents the findings and data collected, without interpreting their meaning.

what is the discussion in a research paper?

Interprets the results, explains their significance, and discusses limitations

what is is the conclusion in a research paper?

Summarizes the main findings and their overall implications

what is a confidence interval?

Describes the likelihood that, if repeated, the resulting interval will capture the true value

confidence value is usually set at ____ %

95

mean =

the average of all values (sum of values divided by the number of values)

mode =

The value that appears most frequently in a dataset

median =

the middle value when data is arranged from smallest to largest.

range =

The difference between the highest and lowest values

standard deviation =

Measures how spread out data values are from the mean

variance =

Measures the average squared distance of values from the mean

p-value =

Probability of obtaining results as extreme as those observed

what does p-value assume?

that the null hypothesis is true

internal validity =

How confidently a study can show that the independent variable caused the observed effect.

external validity =

How well a study's findings can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations.

correlation =

The strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

Positive Linear Correlation =

as one variable increases, the other also increases in a straight-line pattern

Negative Linear Correlation

As one variable increases, the other decreases in a straight-line pattern

Parabolic Correlation =

A curved, U-shaped or inverted U-shaped relationship between two variables

R² (Coefficient of Determination) =

Percentage of variation in one variable explained by a statistical model

what does a Descriptive / cross-sectional study do?

Describes a condition or relationships at one point in time; no comparison group

what does Case-control study do?

Starts with the outcome; looks backward for exposures

what does a cohort study do?

Follows exposed vs. unexposed groups forward in time

what does a Quasi-experimental study do?

Compares groups without random assignment

What does a Single-subject study do?

One/few people tested across conditions; own control

what does a Randomized

controlled trial study do?

Random assignment; gold standard; avoids selection/confounding bias

what does a Systematic review /meta-analysis study do?

Compiles all studies on a topic / pools their data into one analysis

what order of study design has the lowest to highest evidence?

1.Descriptive / cross-

sectional

2. Case Control

3. Cohort

4. Quasi experimental

5. Single subject

6. randomized control trial

7. systematic review/ meta analysis

what does kinematics describe?

Describes the appearance of movement

kinematics and kinetics can be ____ and ______.

linear and angular

what does kinetics describe?

Describes the forces associated with movement

what is distance in kinematics?

total length of the path traveled

what type of value is DISTANCE in kinematics and what elements does it require?

Scalar value, requires only magnitude

what is displacement in kinematics?

overall change in position from starting point to end point

What type of value is DISPLACEMENT in kinematics and what elements does it require?

a vector value, requires magnitude and direction

what is speed in kinematics?

the rate at which an object covers a distance over time

What type of value is SPEED in kinematics and what elements does it require?

a scaler value, requires only magnitude

what is speed in kinematics?

rate at which an object changes its position in relation to time

What type of value is VELOCITY in kinematics and what elements does it require?

Vector value, requires magnitude and direction

what is acceleration in kinematics?

Rate of change of velocity

how do you calculate acceleration?

Change in velocity / change over time

Constant acceleration of gravity =

9.8 m/s^2

What is the Universal Law of Gravitation in kinetics?

every object attracts other objects with a force that depends on their mass and distance between them

what is the equation for the Universal Law of Gravitation in kinetics?

F= G m1m2/r^2

what is force (kinetics)?

Describes interaction of an object with its surroundings ( push, pull, rub (friction) or strike (impact))

what are examples of external forces (kinetics)?

gravity (body weight, external weights), air resistance, fluid

what is ground reaction force (kinetics)?

reaction of ground to acceleration of the body (component = friction)

what are examples of internal forces (kinetics)?

Muscle force, Joint reaction force, Other soft tissue forces (skin, joint capsules), Intra-abdominal pressure

what is impulse in kinetics?

The total force applied over time

what does impulse in kinetics influence?

Influences take off velocity⟶ jump height

what is a free body diagram in kinetics?

simplified figure upon which all external forces acting on the body are indicated as arrows

what is balance in kinetics?

maintaining center of mass within your base of support

what is postural control (kinematics)?

chievement maintenance or regulation of balance during any static posture or dynamic activity for the regulation of stability and orientation

how can postural control (kinetics) be measured?

postural sway

whats postural sway?

positional data/deviations from stance; net movement in static postur

what is center of mass?

abstract point that moves when body segments are moved relative to one another

what is base of support?

area within lines that connect our perimeter of each pint of support

what is stability?

Capacity of an object to return to equilibrium or its original position after being displaced

what is center of pressure?

point in which the total sum of pressure acts thorough a body, causing the force to act through that point

what are Newton's laws?

law of inertia, law of acceleration, and law of action-reaction

what is Newton's law of INERTIA?

An object at rest will remain at rest, unless acted on by another force

what two elements are responsible for inertia?

inertia and mass

what is inertia (I)?

the difficulty with which an object's velocity is altered

what is mass (g)?

A measure of the amount of matter constituting an object (quantitative measure of inertia)

what is Newton's law of ACCELERATION?

The rate of change of an object is proportional to the applied force, and takes place in a direction in which the force acts

what element is responsible for acceleration?

momentum

what is momentum?

quantity of motion possessed by a body

what is the equation for law of acceleration?

F = ma

what is Newton's law of ACTION-REACTION?

To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

what does force represent in Newton's law of ACTION-REACTION?

represents an interaction between an object and its surrounding

what is projectile motion?

the motion of an object (called a projectile) that is thrown, kicked, or launched into the air and moves under the influence of gravity alone (ignoring air resistance)

What components impact a projectile's trajectory?

angle, speed, and height of projection

What factors do and dont impact the horizontal components of projectile trajectory?

gravity does not impact horizontal component

What factors do and dont impact the vertical components of projectile trajectory?

gravity is the main force that impacts the vertical components

what is Kinetic energy?

the energy of motion

what is potential energy?

Amount of energy on object could have

how do objects store energy?

stores energy due to position shape or state (compression of extension for example)

Kinetic friction =

the force due to friction when two surfaces are in motion with respect to one another

what is the equation for kinetic friction?

Fk (kinetic friction force )= Fn(normal force) x uk(coefficient of static friction)

Static friction =

the force due to friction when to surfaces are at rest with respect to each other

what is the equation for static friction?

Fsmax (static friction force) = us (coefficient of static friction) x Fn (normal force)

what is linear kinematics in angular motion?

describes motion in a straight line on a graph

what are the components of linear kinematics in angular motion?

Displacement (distance, m)

Velocity (linear speed, m/s)

Linear Acceleration (m/s )2

mass (g)

what is angular kinematics?

describes rotational

motion around an axis

what are the components of angular kinematics?

Displacement (angle, θ, radians)

Angular Velocity (angular speed, ω,

radians per second)

Angular Acceleration (α, rad/s²)

Moment of Inertia (I)

what is torque?

Moment of force / turning effect of an eccentric force

what is centric force (part of torque)?

applied through axis (center) of rotation, creates no force

what is eccentric force (part of torque)?

force applied some distance away from the axis of rotation, creates torque and causes rotation

For ___________ to occur, _________ force must be applied

rotation, eccentric

How do we calculate torque?

force (magnitude) x force arm length (aka moment arm)

what are the three properties of torque?

Axis of rotation, force, moment arm

what is moment arm?

distance between where the force is applied (forearm) and the axis of rotation (elbow). (can also be applied to other body parts)

orque and the moment arm: If the line of _______ does not go through the ________ ______

of an object, it will ________ the object.

action, pivot point, rotate

what is Net Joint Moment?

minimum moment/toque

required at a joint to obtain the observed kinematics

(i.e. displacement)

external moment =

moment generated by external forces (i.e. external weights)

internal moment =

Moment generated by internal (muscle) forces to oppose external moment (i.e. knee extensor moment)

What are the different levers found in the body?

Fulcrum (F), Effort/Force (E), and Load/Resistance (L)