apushn u8

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy strategy aimed at preventing the spread of communism.

Truman Doctrine

A policy established in 1947 to provide military and economic assistance to countries resisting communism.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 for mutual defense against aggression.

Marshall Plan

A U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe to help rebuild economies after World War II.

Berlin Airlift

The 1948 operation in which U.S. and British planes delivered food and supplies to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade.

China-Taiwan

The ongoing dispute over China's claim to Taiwan, which it considers a breakaway province.

Korean War

A conflict (1950-1953) between North Korea (with support from China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by UN forces, primarily the U.S.).

NSC-68

A key U.S. policy document from 1950 that advocated for a significant increase in military spending to counter the Soviet threat.

Domino Theory

The belief that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall, like dominoes.

Massive Retaliation

A military doctrine that stated the U.S. would respond to communist aggression with a substantial military response.

CIA- Iran, Guatemala

The CIA's involvement in coups in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1954) to counter perceived communist threats.

Eisenhower Doctrine

A policy declaring U.S. willingness to use military force in the Middle East to counter communism.

Sputnik

The first artificial Earth satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, marking the start of the space race.

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, established in 1958 to oversee the U.S. space program.

2nd Red Scare

A period of intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States during the late 1940s and 1950s.

McCarthyism

The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper evidence, named after Senator Joseph McCarthy.

Baby Boom

A significant increase in birth rates following World War II, roughly from 1946 to 1964.

GI Bill

Legislation providing various benefits to returning World War II veterans, including education and housing assistance.

Fair Deal

President Truman's program proposing social reforms and the expansion of New Deal policies.

Election of 1948

The presidential election in which Harry Truman won unexpectedly against Thomas Dewey.

Dixiecrats

A breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in the 1948 election, advocating for states' rights and segregation.

Federal Highway Act

A 1956 law that funded the construction of the Interstate Highway System.

NDEA

The National Defense Education Act, enacted in 1958 to improve education in science and technology.

Brown v. Board

The 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Central HS- Little Rock

The 1957 integration crisis at Little Rock Central High School, testing desegregation following Brown v. Board.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A 1955 protest against racial segregation on public buses led by figures like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr.

SCLC and MLK

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, co-founded by Martin Luther King Jr., focusing on civil rights through nonviolence.

Bay of Pigs

The failed 1961 U.S. invasion of Cuba aimed at overthrowing Fidel Castro.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A 1964 congressional resolution that authorized military action in Vietnam.

Tet Offensive

A coordinated series of attacks by North Vietnamese forces in 1968, which shifted public perception of the Vietnam War.

Election of 1968

The presidential election marked by the Vietnam War protests and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a civil rights organization founded in 1960 to promote direct action against segregation.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

24th Amendment

The amendment ratified in 1964 that prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections.

Selma

The site of a major civil rights march in 1965, leading to increased awareness and the Voting Rights Act.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation aimed at eliminating barriers to voting for African Americans.

Malcolm X

A civil rights activist advocating for black empowerment and more militant tactics compared to Martin Luther King Jr.

Watts

The site of a major riot in Los Angeles in 1965, highlighting racial tensions and frustration in urban areas.

Black Panthers

A revolutionary socialist organization founded in 1966 to combat police brutality and promote black rights.

Election of 1960

The presidential election won by John F. Kennedy against Richard Nixon, notable for the first televised debates.

New Frontier

John F. Kennedy’s domestic program aimed at improving the economy, education, healthcare, and civil rights.

Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnson's programs aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.

War on Poverty

A initiative launched by Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s aimed at reducing poverty levels.

Medicare & Medicaid

Government programs established in 1965 to provide health insurance to the elderly and low-income individuals.

Immigration Act of 1965

Legislation that abolished the quota system and opened the doors for more immigrants from non-European countries.

Barry Goldwater

A conservative politician and presidential candidate in 1964 known for his strong opposition to the New Deal.

SDS

Students for a Democratic Society, a leftist student organization founded in 1960 advocating for civil rights and anti-war efforts.

New Left

A political movement in the 1960s promoting civil rights, anti-war sentiments, and societal change.

Counterculture

A social movement in the 1960s characterized by alternative lifestyles and opposition to conventional norms.

The Feminine Mystique

A book by Betty Friedan published in 1963 addressing women's dissatisfaction with traditional gender roles.

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed amendment to guarantee equal legal rights regardless of sex; never ratified.

Roe v. Wade

The landmark 1973 Supreme Court case that legalized abortion nationwide.

Cesar Chavez

A labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association.

AIM

American Indian Movement, seeking to address the issues of Native American rights and sovereignty.

Stonewall Inn

The site of a 1969 riot in New York City, often seen as a catalyst for the modern LGBTQ rights movement.

Silent Spring

A book by Rachel Carson published in 1962 that criticized the use of pesticides and highlighted environmental issues.

OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, a coalition of oil-producing countries.

Détente

The easing of strained relations, especially in the context of the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

Vietnamization

Nixon's strategy to withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam while increasing South Vietnamese military capability.

Pentagon Papers

A classified study released in 1971 revealing government deception in the Vietnam War.

Cambodia

A neighboring country to Vietnam, bombed by the U.S. during the Vietnam War to target communist forces.

SALT I

The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreement signed in 1972 to limit nuclear weapons.

China

A primary focus of U.S. foreign relations in the 1970s, marked by Nixon's visit in 1972.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg

The 1971 Supreme Court case ruling that federal courts could mandate busing to achieve school desegregation.

Regents of U of C v. Bakke

The 1978 Supreme Court decision affirming that race could be considered in college admissions.

Title IX

Legislation passed in 1972 prohibiting sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs.

Watergate

A political scandal involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and the subsequent cover-up.

Stagflation

An economic condition characterized by stagnant economic growth and high inflation.

Economic 'Malaise'

A term used by President Carter in the late 1970s to describe the economic downturn and lack of confidence in government.

Camp David Accords

The peace agreement brokered by President Carter in 1978 between Israel and Egypt.

Iranian Revolution

The 1979 uprising that resulted in the overthrow of the Shah of Iran and the establishment of an Islamic republic.

Afghanistan

A country invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979, leading to a prolonged conflict and U.S. involvement.

Election of 1980

The presidential election in which Ronald Reagan won, marking a shift towards conservative policies.

Sunbelt

The region in the U.S. known for its economic growth and migration, stretching from the Southeast to the Southwest.

Sagebrush Rebellion

A movement in the 1970s and 1980s advocating for state control over federal lands in the West.

Moral Majority

A political group formed in the 1970s advocating for conservative Christian values in politics.

Supply Side Economics (Reaganomics)

An economic theory proposing tax cuts to stimulate investment and economic growth.

War on Crime, Drugs

Government initiatives launched in the 1980s aimed at combating crime and drug abuse.

Vietnam Syndrome

The reluctance to engage in military intervention due to the lessons learned from the Vietnam War.

Iran-Contra Affair

A political scandal involving secret U.S. arms sales to Iran and funding of Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

SDI

Strategic Defense Initiative, a proposed missile defense system initiated by President Reagan.

Election of 1988

The presidential election that resulted in George H.W. Bush's victory, continuing Reagan's policies.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The 1989 event symbolizing the end of the Cold War and the division between East and West Germany.

Collapse of the Soviet Union

The disintegration of the USSR in 1991, marking the end of Soviet-style communism.