A&P exam 1A study guide

Atoms

tiny particles making up chemicals

molecule

particles made when atoms join

Macromolecule

large particles consisting of molecules

Cell

basic unit of structure and function

Tissue

layer or mass of cells with specific function

Organ

group of different tissues with a specific function

Organism

composed of interacting organ systems

Homeostasis

maintenance of stable internal environment

homeostatic mechanism

self-regulating system monitoring the internal environment, and makes corrections

Three parts of homeostatic mechanism are?

Receptor, Control Center, Effector

Receptor

detects and provides info about stimuli

Control center

decision maker, maintains set point

Effector

muscle or gland responding to the control center,

Negative feedback

responds in the opposite direction of stimulus to get to normal

Positive Feedback

pushes things farther away so they finish

Nervous System

Integration and coordination of organs through nerves rapid and short term

Endocrine system

Integration and coordination of organs through hormones slower and long lasting

Cardiovascular System

transport of gases, nutrients, blood cells, hormones and wastes

Lymphatic System

transport of fluids from tissues to blood, digestive fats to blood, and fights infection

digestive system

receives food, breaks it down, absorbs digestion products, and excretes waste

Respiratory system

Moves air in and out, exchanges gases between blood and air

Urinary System

removes blood waste, regulates electrolyte and water balance and blood pressure, and produces and excretes urine.

Reproductive system

produce and transport sex cells, produce hormones, and new organisms.

Diaphram

muscle seperating the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Mediastinum

region between lungs in thoracic cavity containing heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus gland

Abdominal cavity contains

stomach, spleen, liver, kidneys, small intestine, most of large intestine

Pelvic cavity contains

end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

cavities in the head

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear

Visceral layer

inner layer, covers an organ

parietal layer,

outer layer, lines wall of cavity

Visceral and parietal pleura

around lungs

Visceral and parietal pericardium

around heart

Visceral and parietal peritoneum

around abdominopelvic organs

Atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass number

number of protons and neutrons in one atom

Anion

negatively charged ion made when atoms gain electrons

Cation

positively charged ion made when atom loses electrons

Ionic bonds

strong chemical bonds made when ions of opposite charge attract

Covalent bonds

strong chemical bonds formed between atoms that share electrons

Nonpolar covalent bonds

covalent bonds in which electrons are shared equally

Polar covalent bonds

covalent bonds where electrons aren’t shared equally

Isotopes

atoms with same atomic numbers but different mass numbers

Protons

large particles with one single positive charge

Neutrons

large particles with no electric charge

Electrons

small particles with negative charge

Molecule

two or more atoms chemically bonded

element

pure substance mode of one type of atom

Neutral PH

7

Acidic PH

<7

Basic PH

>7

Nucleic acids

carry genetic code or aid in protein synthesis

DNA

a double chain of nucleotides

RNA

single chain of nucleotides

Organic molecules

have C and H include carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Inorganic substances

don’t have C or H include water, oxygen CO2 and inorganic salts

Axial portion

head, neck, trunk

Appendicular portion

upper and lower limbs