Older Adults Midterm

What is multitrauma?

Multiple traumatic injuries involving more than one body region or system.

What is polytrauma?

Multiple serious injuries involving two or more body regions or organ systems, with at least one potentially life-threatening injury.

What is trauma-informed care (TIC)?

An approach that recognizes the impact of trauma, prioritizes safety and choice, and seeks to avoid retraumatization.

What are SAMHSA's six principles of trauma-informed care?

Safety; trustworthiness and transparency; peer support; collaboration and mutuality; empowerment, voice, and choice; cultural, historical, and gender issues.

What are the four R's of trauma-informed care?

Realize trauma's impact, Recognize signs and symptoms, Respond by integrating knowledge into practice, and Resist retraumatization.

How can an OT use trauma-informed care with an older adult?

Explain procedures, request consent, offer choices, respect boundaries, and support the client's sense of control.

What are standard precautions?

Infection prevention practices used for every patient regardless of known infection status.

What are contact precautions?

Precautions used for pathogens spread through direct or indirect contact; gloves and gowns are commonly required.

What are droplet precautions?

Precautions for pathogens transmitted by respiratory droplets; a medical mask is generally required.

What are airborne precautions?

Precautions for infectious particles that remain suspended in air; use appropriate respiratory protection such as a fit-tested N95.

What does PPE stand for?

Personal Protective Equipment.

What is the usual order for putting on PPE?

Gown, mask or respirator, eye protection, then gloves.

What is generally removed first when taking off PPE?

Gloves, or gloves and gown together, depending on the approved protocol.

What is the most important routine method for preventing healthcare-associated infections?

Proper hand hygiene.

What type of precautions are used for MRSA?

Contact precautions in many inpatient settings, according to facility policy.

What does MRSA stand for?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Why is MRSA clinically important?

It is resistant to several common antibiotics and may cause difficult-to-treat infections.

What is the primary role of OT in acute care?

Evaluate and address functional performance, ADLs, mobility, cognition, safety, and discharge needs.

What is the primary goal of an acute care OT evaluation?

Determine current occupational performance, functional limitations, safety needs, and appropriate intervention and discharge planning.

Why does OT assess vital signs during acute care treatment?

To monitor physiological tolerance and identify signs of medical instability during activity.

What should an OT do if a patient becomes dizzy or medically unstable during treatment?

Stop the activity, ensure safety, assess the situation, and notify appropriate medical staff.

How can OT support caregivers and families in acute care?

Provide education on safe transfers, ADLs, equipment, precautions, and assistance needs.

What is the Allen Cognitive Disabilities Model?

A model describing functional cognition through six cognitive levels that help guide activity demands and assistance.

What are the six Allen cognitive levels?

Level 1 Automatic Actions; Level 2 Postural Actions; Level 3 Manual Actions; Level 4 Goal-Directed Actions; Level 5 Exploratory Actions; Level 6 Planned Actions.

What does the Allen Cognitive Level Screen (ACLS) assess?

Functional cognition using structured leather-lacing tasks to estimate cognitive abilities and assistance needs.

What is the Menu Task used to assess?

Functional executive abilities such as planning, organization, and following rules during a simulated menu-ordering activity.

What is the Contextual Memory Test used to assess?

Memory and awareness of memory abilities using familiar objects in meaningful contexts.

What is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)?

A brief cognitive screening tool assessing domains including memory, attention, executive function, language, and orientation.

What is occupational balance?

A personally meaningful and sustainable balance among occupations such as self-care, productivity, leisure, and rest.

What is occupational justice?

Fair and equitable opportunities for individuals and groups to participate in meaningful occupations.

What is occupational deprivation?

Prolonged restriction from meaningful occupations due to external circumstances beyond a person's control.

What is occupational marginalization?

Restriction of occupational choice and participation because of social norms, expectations, or power structures.

How does SAMHSA define recovery?

A process of change through which individuals improve health and wellness, live self-directed lives, and strive to reach their full potential.

What are SAMHSA's four major dimensions of recovery?

Health, Home, Purpose, and Community.

What does Health mean in SAMHSA's recovery model?

Managing health conditions and making informed choices that support physical and emotional well-being.

What does Home mean in SAMHSA's recovery model?

Having a stable and safe place to live.

What does Purpose mean in SAMHSA's recovery model?

Engaging in meaningful daily activities, employment, education, family roles, or creative pursuits.

What does Community mean in SAMHSA's recovery model?

Having supportive relationships and social networks that provide friendship, love, and hope.

What is public stigma?

Negative attitudes, stereotypes, or discrimination held by society toward a group.

What is self-stigma?

Internalizing negative stereotypes about one's own condition or identity.

What is structural stigma?

Institutional policies or practices that disadvantage individuals with certain conditions or identities.

What is the Biomechanical Frame of Reference?

An approach emphasizing range of motion, strength, endurance, and physical capacities that support occupational performance.

What is the Rehabilitation Frame of Reference?

An approach emphasizing compensation, adaptation, assistive technology, and environmental modifications to support independence.

What is the Sensory Processing Frame of Reference?

An approach addressing how individuals register, interpret, and respond to sensory information to support functional participation.

What is the Allen Cognitive Disabilities Model used for in treatment planning?

Matching activities, cues, environmental supports, and supervision to the client's functional cognitive abilities.

What does ICF stand for?

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

Which organization developed the ICF?

World Health Organization (WHO).

What are the main components of the ICF?

Body functions and structures, activities, participation, environmental factors, and personal factors.

What is the difference between activity and participation in the ICF?

Activity is execution of a task or action; participation is involvement in a life situation.

What are environmental factors in the ICF?

Physical, social, and attitudinal aspects of the environment that can support or hinder functioning.

What is the OT's responsibility when supervising an OTA?

The OT maintains responsibility for evaluation, interpretation, intervention planning, and appropriate supervision and collaboration.

Can an OTA independently complete the initial OT evaluation?

No, the OT is responsible for the evaluation; the OTA may contribute data under appropriate supervision.

What is the role of an OT aide?

Assist with delegated routine or supportive tasks that do not require clinical judgment, under appropriate supervision.

What is an occupational profile?

A summary of the client's occupational history, interests, values, roles, routines, needs, and goals.

What is the purpose of an OT intervention plan?

To identify client-centered goals, intervention approaches, methods, and expected outcomes.

What is the purpose of discharge planning in OT?

To support a safe transition to the next setting with appropriate assistance, equipment, services, and recommendations.

What is shared decision-making?

A collaborative process in which the clinician and client combine clinical evidence with the client's values, goals, and preferences.

What is therapeutic use of self?

The intentional use of personality, communication, insight, and clinical reasoning to develop a therapeutic relationship.

What is the Intentional Relationship Model (IRM)?

An OT model emphasizing therapeutic communication, interpersonal reasoning, and intentional use of self.

What are the six therapeutic modes in the IRM?

Advocating, Collaborating, Empathizing, Encouraging, Instructing, and Problem-Solving.

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

A heart attack caused by reduced or blocked blood flow to heart muscle, resulting in tissue injury.

What is COPD?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a chronic condition involving persistent airflow limitation.

What are common symptoms of COPD?

Dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, fatigue, and reduced activity tolerance.

What is a spinal cord injury (SCI)?

Damage to the spinal cord that can affect motor, sensory, and autonomic function below the level of injury.

What is the difference between complete and incomplete SCI?

Complete SCI has no preserved sensory or motor function in the lowest sacral segments; incomplete SCI has some sacral sensory or motor preservation.

What is traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

An alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology caused by an external force.

How can depression affect occupational performance in older adults?

It can reduce motivation, energy, concentration, self-care participation, and engagement in meaningful activities.

How can anxiety affect occupational performance in older adults?

It can cause avoidance, impaired concentration, sleep disruption, and reduced participation in daily activities.

What are common OT concerns after breast cancer surgery?

Upper-extremity function, pain, fatigue, ADLs, scar management when appropriate, and lymphedema risk education.

What are common OT concerns after lung cancer surgery?

Activity tolerance, breathing strategies, fatigue, ADL performance, and energy conservation.

What is an example of advanced certification relevant to neurological rehabilitation?

Certified Brain Injury Specialist (CBIS), a credential focused on brain injury knowledge and rehabilitation.

What is pursed-lip breathing?

A breathing technique involving inhalation through the nose and slow exhalation through pursed lips.

Why is pursed-lip breathing useful for clients with COPD?

It can help slow exhalation, reduce air trapping, and improve breath control during activity.

What is pacing?

Regulating the speed, intensity, and timing of activities with planned breaks to manage fatigue or symptoms.

What is energy conservation?

Using strategies to reduce unnecessary energy expenditure while maintaining participation in meaningful activities.

What are the four P's of energy conservation?

Prioritize, Plan, Pace, and Position.

What is an example of energy conservation during bathing?

Use a shower chair, organize supplies beforehand, sit for tasks, and take rest breaks as needed.

What is an example of adapting an ADL for a client with limited endurance?

Use seated grooming or dressing, adaptive equipment, and scheduled rest breaks.

What is the overall goal of occupational therapy with older adults?

Promote safe, meaningful occupational participation, autonomy, health, and quality of life.