Lang Terms

Rhetorical Situation

Speaker, purpose, audience, context, exigence (SPACE)

Ethos

authority or expertise of the speaker

logos

appeals to logic/reason

pathos

appeals to emotions

Archaic language

using language that is antiquated (old language)

Alliteration

use of words with same conconat sound close to eachother

colloquiliasm

using language that reflects the way people actually speak

connotation

the implied or contexulized meaning of a word that underlies the main meaning of the word. (emotional or intellectulal meaning)

denotion

using the literal meaing of a word (dictionary definition)

ellipses

omitting some parts of the sentence in order to let the audience fill in some of the gaps

jargon

using language that is specifc to a location, period, position or occupation

repetition

in order to emphasize or reittitate

Simple

one independent clause

complex

one indeoendent clause and one dependent clause

compound

two independent clauses joined with a conjuctioin

compound-complex

more than one sentence joined by a conjunction, one of which is complex; a compound sentence with a dependent, or subordinate clause.

cumulative sentence

sentence where main clause is at the beginning and then more is added on

horative sentence

sentence that exhorts, urges, or exhorts, implores or calls to action

imperative sentence

sentence that commands or demands

periodic sentence

where main clause is held at the end

anaphora

repetition of words/ phrases at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, lines

antimetabole/chiasmus

repetition of words in reverse order

antithesis

opposition or contrast of ideas/words in a parallel constrcution

asyndetone

omission of conjuctions between coorsdinate phrases, clauses, words, speeds up

syndetone

adddition of multiple conjuctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, words (slows down)

juxtapostion

placement of two things closely together to emphasize differences

parallelism

similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, clauses

alliteration

repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in a sequence

Allusion

reference to another source

anecdote

a usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biograhical incident used to explain, illustrate, or persuade

assonance

repeating vowel sounds

consonance

repetition of identical or similar consonants in enighboring words

extended metaphore

a comparision between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences

hyperbole

deliberate exaggeration

imagery

descriptive language appealing to all five sense- words used to paint a picture

Maxim

A short, pitchy statement expressing a general truth or rule of confuct

Metaphore

comparision that replaces one object for another (stronger than a similie)

metonymy

the subsitution of the name for an attribute of the thing meant

motif

repeating symbol throughout a text

oxymoron

using two contradictory words next to eachother

paradox

a statement that seems contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps

personification

describing an inanimate object as if it were a person

rhetorical question

posing a question for effect rather than to get an answer

similie

comparision that uses like or as

symbol

object used to represent an idea/theme

synecdoche

using one part to represent a whole

tone

author’s attitude toward a subject and/or character

zeugma

using tow different meaning fo the same word withing a sentence/line

Ad hominem

attacking character of speaker instead of addressing topic

appeal to false authority

using someone as expert who is not actaully an expert

faulty analogy

drawing a comparision between two things that is logically irrelevant

red herrings

introducing new and unrelated topic before addresding argument topic

non sequitur

(does not follow) claime where the reason dosent actually connect logically

faulty casuality (post hoc ergo propter hoc)

(after this, therefore because of this) asumming that because one event or action follows another, more xtreme action presenting two extreme options as the only possibolites

Straw man

oversimplyfying an example to ridicule or refute opponent

bandwagon appeal

evidence boils down to “everybody’s doing it, so it must be good”

circular reasoning

presenting the claim as if it is the evidence

hasty generalization

using a single anecdote or example to make major/larger point

stack the deck

argument that shows only one side of the story and refuses to admit the existence of counterargument

claims of fact

assertd that something is true or not; is arguable on basis of fact

claims of value

asserts something id good or bad, irght or wrong, or is a cause or effect; draws conclusions from claims of facts

claims of policy

suggests a course of action as a result of the claims of fact and value

concession

an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable, usually accompanied by a refutation

refutation

denial of the validity of an opposing argument in part or whole, usually accompanied by a concession in order to sound more reasonable

qualify

to make a claim about qualities or what spmethingis, or is caused by

quantify

claims and information about quantities (numerical data or statistics)