Purposive Communication in English

Vocabulary review flashcards covering communication fundamentals, registers, models, public speaking delivery, and non-verbal cues from Purposive Communication in English.

Body Language

Non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, and postures.

Tone

A variation in the pitch of the voice while speaking.

Multimodal

The creative use of more than two communication modes to deliver meaning.

Literary Analysis

An essay which thoroughly examines a literary piece to arrive at a critical understanding of its message, a clear interpretation of its meanings, and a scholarly appreciation of the writer's techniques.

Informative Speech

A speech that gives information that clarifies or gives ideas on a certain topic either through descriptions, characteristics, or processes.

Persuasive Speech

A form of communication that attempts to persuade or influence people's beliefs, attitudes, intentions, motivations, or behaviors in relation to an event, idea, object, or other persons.

Interview

A verbal exchange of question and answer between two or more persons.

Epistolary

A literary work written in the form of letters.

Intercultural Communication

Interaction between people from two different cultural groups with the purpose to exchange ideas and cultural norms in the spirit of understanding and mutual respect.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency or disposition to judge other people's culture with disfavor and to consider one's own as being superior to the other.

Debates

An instructional method in which students express their opinions from two competing perspectives with the goal of contradicting each other's arguments.

Infrastructural Signs

Signs that label things or direct for the maintenance of a building or any infrastructure.

Transmission

The process by which the sender, having assigned codes to thoughts and symbols (message), sends messages to its recipient.

Flip Charts

A large pad of paper bound so that each page can be turned over at the top to reveal the next, used on a stand at presentations.

PowerPoint

A software package designed to create electronic presentations consisting of a series of separate pages or slides.

Google Classroom

A free blended learning platform developed by Google for educational institutions that simplifies creating, distributing, and grading assignments and streamlines file sharing.

Pidgin

A new language that develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but do not share a common language.

Formal Register

A type of register used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained to specific rules.

Informal Register

Also called casual or intimate register; conversational language appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well.

Language Register

Also called linguistic register and speech register; describes the way a person speaks in relation to their audience.

Channel

Also called the 'medium' of communication; the means used to exchange or transmit the message.

Semantics

The study of meaning in language.

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication with one's self, which may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, recall, and memory.

Visual Communication

A type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or messages.

Netizens

Citizens of the virtual world.

Native Language

The primary language of the majority population of a country.

Protagoras

Identified as the Father of Debate.

Aristotle

Identified as the Father of Modern Communication.

Proofreading

Checking the final copy to see that it is free from typographical errors.

Plagiarism

The 'wrongful appropriation' and 'stealing and publication' of another author's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions and the representation of them as one's own original work.

Semiotics

The study of making meaning and the connection between a sign or symbol.

Global Village

A term referring to the world as one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.

Globalization

The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Frozen Register

Historic language intended to remain unchanged, such as the Panatang Makabayan, Philippine Constitution, or Holy Bible.

Demonstration Speech

A speech that shows listeners how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves.

Descriptive Speech

A speech whose purpose is to provide a detailed, vivid word picture of a person, animal, place, or object.

Explanatory Speech

A speech focusing on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.

Eulogy

A speech given in honor of someone who has died.

Manuscript Speaking

A mode of speech delivery that involves reading the speech word-for-word from its written form.

Proxemics

The study of the use of space and distance in communication.

Object Language

The use of objects, clothes, or accessories to aid communication.

Jargon

Specialized terminology associated with a particular field or area of activity.

Articulation

The formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech.

Pragmatics

The practical use of language.

Vernacular

The language that is common to people regardless of age, social class, gender, or race.

Consultative Register

A register used in conversation when speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice.

Extemporaneous Speech

A speech delivered with some prepared structure, such as notes or an outline, but is otherwise delivered off-the-cuff.

Regional Dialect

A variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country that is not distinct from a national language.

World Englishes

As defined by CelceMurcia (2014), the regionally distinct varieties of English that have arisen where there is a long and often colonial history of English being used in education, commerce, and government.

Social Media

A group of internet-based applications that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010).

Phonology

A system of pairing sounds with a certain meaning, structured as a code with specific rules.

Language Acquisition

The process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language as well as to produce and use words.

Decoding

The process by which the receiver interprets the symbols used by the source of the message by converting them into concepts and ideas.

Single Strand Communication

A communication network pattern where information flows sequentially from one person to the next.

Probability Chain

A communication pattern in which information passes randomly from person to person.

Cluster Chain

A communication network where an individual transmits information to a pre-selected group, out of whom a few individuals again pass the message to other selected groups.

Gossip Chain

A group communication pattern where everyone talks to each other informally.

Inner Circle vs. Expanding Circle

In language categories: Inner Circle refers to Native Language; Expanding Circle refers to Foreign Language.

The Seven C's of Communication

A list of principles for effective written and spoken communication: clarity, correctness, conciseness, courtesy, concreteness, consideration, and completeness.

Legalese

The formal and technical language of legal documents that is often hard to understand.

Upward Communication

The process in which employees directly communicate with upper management to provide feedback, share ideas, and raise concerns.

Downward Communication

Organizational communication flowing down from leadership, exemplified by manuals and policy statements.

Encoder

The individual or group that develops the message to be communicated to internal and external parties.

Linguistic Landscape

Visible elements that express thought without necessarily needing spoken words, such as street names, billboards, and signages.

Geosemiotics

A mode of analyzing signs where various physical and symbolic elements at a particular sign convey meaning.

Regulatory Signs

A kind of sign that indicates authority and official or legal prohibitions.

Commercial Signs

Signs that advertise or promote a product, event, or service in commerce.

Noise

An interference that bars the message from being understood or interpreted.

Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication

Known as the 'Mother of all Models' and the 'Mathematical Theory of Communication', breaking communication into 6 key concepts: sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, and receiver.

Context

The setting or situation in which communication takes place.

Lasswell's Communication Model

A model describing communication by asking: Who says what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect? ('In Which Channel' refers to media analysis).

Aristotle's Linear Model

A communication model best used to develop public speaking skills or to create propaganda.

Barnlund's Transactional Model

A communication model emphasizing a multi-layered feedback system where anyone can be sender and receiver simultaneously; its strength is a shared field of experience.

Dance's Helical Model

A model that rejects isolated linearity and circularity, introducing the concept of time and continuous communication process.

Schramm's Interactive Model

An interactive model dealing with two-way exchange, emphasizing that information is of no use until it is carefully put into words and conveyed to others.

Haptics

A form of non-verbal interaction involving touch.

Horizontal Communication

Also called lateral communication; the practice of sharing information between employees, departments, and units within the same level of an organization.

David Berlo's SMCR Model

A basic communication model standing for Sender, Message, Channel, and Receiver.

Characteristics of an Ethical Communicator

Being egalitarian, respectful, and trustworthy.

Feedback

The verbal, written, or actionable response given after a message has been successfully transmitted and understood, indicating comprehension.

Kinesics

The study of the way in which body movements and gestures serve as a form of nonverbal communication.

Physiological Noise

Internal physical interferences such as hunger, fatigue, headache, or stress that prevent someone from giving full attention.

Semantic Noise

Noise that occurs when a communicator has difficulty understanding words, language, dialects, vernaculars, or grammatical structures.

Listening

A mental operation involving processing sound waves, interpreting their meaning, and storing that meaning in memory.

Reading

A process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Four Macro Skills of Communication

Listening, talking/speaking, reading, and writing.

Receiver

The person who finalizes the communication process by interpreting and assigning meaning to the message.

Dyslexia

A learning disability in which people have difficulty learning to read.

Syntax

The way in which words are put together.

Impromptu Speech

A type of speech delivered with little or no preparation.

Communication Mode

The channel through which one expresses communicative intent.

High Context vs. Low Context

High Context aligns with collectivism; Low Context aligns with individualism.