memory acquisition (6)

acquisition

the process of gaining information and placing it into memory

storage

holding information in memory

retrieval

locating information in storage and bringing it into active use; “remembering”

incoming info, sensory memory, short-term memory, long term memory

4 stages in the modal model of information processing

long-term, short-term

retrieval is the process of information moving from __________ memory to __________ memory

information loss

when information fails to move from the short-term memory to the long-term memory

activation of long-term memories

via updates to the modal model of information processing, retrieval is __________

working memory

status within the long-term memory, referring to information in current maintenance

status, place

working memory is a __________ and not a __________

iconic, echoic

sensory memory is also called __________ or __________ memory

size of the stores, ease of entry, ease of retrieval, fragility

4 differences between working memory and long-term memory

free recall

repeating as many remembered items as possible in any order you choose

primacy effect

you are more likely to remember the first few items you are given due to the __________

recency effect

you are more likely to remember the last few items you are given due to the __________

serial position

the primacy effect and the recency effect describe the relationship between __________ and the likelihood of recall

extra attention to initial items

the primacy effect is explained by __________

recent items remaining in working memory

the recency effect is explained by __________

functionally separate

our interpretation of the primacy/recency effects is based on working memory and long-term memory being __________

recency effect

when you limit the contribution of working memory to a task, the __________ goes away

earlier items, not later items

increasing rehearsal time improves recall of __________ but __________

the primacy/recency effects rely on separate mechanisms

we know that working memory is functionally distinct from long-term memory because __________

working memory

component of memory necessary for coordinating multiple pieces of information

capacity

working memory has large individual differences in __________

7, 2

average working memory capacity (digit span) is __________ items, plus or minus __________

flexible, variable, task dependent

chunking is __________, __________ , and __________

different strategy uses, changes to capacity

using “chunks” to remember things highlights __________ rather than __________

active

digit span doesn’t capture the __________ nature of working memory

digit span, operation span

2 different measures of working memory capacity

items, active

a reading span task to measure working memory takes emphasis off __________ and demonstrates a more __________ use of working memory

coordinating different pieces of information, reasoning, reading comprehension

people with greater working memory capacity (via the operation span task) have advantages in tasks that require __________, such as __________ or __________

system, processes

working memory is a __________ that comprises several __________

executive control processes, articulatory rehearsal loop, visuospatial buffer, episodic buffer

4 main processes of working memory

executive control processes

processes of working memory that govern selection and sequence of thought

subvocalization, phonological buffer

2 subcomponents of articulatory rehearsal loop

subvocalization

articulatory rehearsal via silent speech

phonological buffer

articulatory rehearsal via passive storage of sound

articulatory suppression

concurrent articulation tasks are also known as __________

concurrent articulation task

saying something out loud during a working memory span task

speech production, rehearsal loop

saying something out loud during a working memory span task requires the mechanisms for __________, making them unavailable for the __________

drops to 5-6 items

working memory capacity __________ with articulatory suppression

“sound alike” errors, concurrent articulation tasks

2 reasons why we know working memory has an articulatory rehearsal loop process

inner voice

subvocalization can be referred to as __________

inner ear

phonological buffer can be referred to as __________

visuospatial buffer

process of working memory that stores visual materials as mental images (mental sketch pad)

episodic buffer

process of working memory that helps organize information into chronological sequence

visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop, central executive

baddeley’s model of memory involves 3 subprocesses, __________, __________, and __________, that contribute to the overall __________ process

modality

working memory relies on active processes that vary based on the __________ of the task

inner hand, inner ear, move their hands

someone who has been deaf since birth would rely on an __________ for rehearsal rather than an __________; their working memory would be disrupted if they __________

have similar signs

observed memory errors in people who have been deaf since birth suggest that they swap words for other words that __________

visual working memory

maintaining information in the “mind’s eye”

articulatory rehearsal

visual working memory is usually measured without the use of __________

harder to label

visual stimuli are __________ compared to words or verbal items

stable across time

individual differences in visual working memory are __________

filter out irrelevant info, storage space

individual differences in visual working memory are driven by the ability to __________ rather than __________

attentional filtering

using attentional focusing to selectively encode relevant items

contralateral delay activity

event-related EEG component that displays performance of visual working memory

steeper amplitude rise

via CDA, people with higher visual working memory capacity show a __________ when memory load (number of items to remember) increases

effort, engagement

transferring information into long-term memory requires __________ and __________

decreases

after being shown the same visual stimulus multiple times, CDA amplitude __________

rehearse, attention

for non-visual information, the more you __________ it (the more __________ you can devote to it), the better you will remember it

maintenance, relational/elaborative

2 types of rehearsal

maintenance rehearsal

rehearsal focused on the items themselves

rote, mechanical

maintenance rehearsal is __________ and __________

relational/elaborative

rehearsal focused on what the item means and how it relates to other items

long-term benefit

relational/elaborative rehearsal provides a much greater __________

no

is exposure to something (even repeated exposure) enough to ensure precise long-term memory encoding?

engagement, level of processing, intention

__________ or __________ is more important for encoding information into memory than __________

intentional, incidental

2 types of learning

elaboration at exposure, deeper, connected

incidental learning happens because of __________ which makes the information __________ and better __________ in memory than intentional learning via maintenance rehearsal

connections

deeper processing leads to better memory because __________ facilitate retrieval

retrieval pathways

having more connections between a particular item and other items in your memory results in more __________ to activate the information

mnemonics

techniques for memorization/improving memory

acronyms, mental imagery, peg-word systems

3 examples of mnemonic strategies

meaningful engagement, 1-2 shallow connections

memorizing does not promote __________; it usually provides only __________

understand it

you will remember more information more accurately if you __________