Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders

What are the two main phases of the cardiac cycle?

Diastole (rest) and Systole (ventricular contraction)

What is the function of the conductive pathway in the heart?

It generates electrical impulses that cause the heart muscles to contract.

What is blood primarily composed of?

Plasma (90% water) and blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes).

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?

Approximately 120 days.

What is hemoglobin?

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is the main function of leukocytes?

To fight infection through phagocytosis.

What are the five types of leukocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes.

What is anemia?

An inadequate number of red blood cells or low hemoglobin levels.

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A condition where the heart does not pump adequately to meet the body's blood needs.

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure.

What is the process of respiration?

Involves inspiration (inhalation), gas exchange, gas transport, and expiration (exhalation).

What is asthma?

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A lung disease that results in obstruction of airflow.

What is emphysema?

A condition where the walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose elasticity.

What is the function of the diaphragm in respiration?

It assists in the process of breathing by contracting and relaxing.

What are the main structures of the respiratory system?

Nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.

What is pneumonia?

An inflammation or infection of the lungs characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.

What is tuberculosis (TB)?

An infectious lung disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

They filter inhaled air to trap dust and other particles.

What is the function of the pleura?

A membrane that lines the lungs and attaches to the chest wall.

What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

Systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the body, while pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What is the role of the left ventricle?

It pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

What is the role of the right atrium?

It receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior vena cava.

What is a myocardial infarction?

A heart attack caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries.

What are varicose veins?

Gnarled, dilated veins that have lost elasticity, often causing decreased blood flow.

What is phlebitis?

An inflammation of a vein.

What is the function of thrombocytes?

They form blood clots to prevent bleeding.