A & P: Skeletal and Muscular Systems

How many bones are in the human body?

206

How many functions are there of the skeleton?

Five

What are the five functions of the skeleton?

*Framework and support

*protection

*levers and fulcrums

*mineral storagea

*blood cell production.

What part of the skeleton is appendicular?

The appendages, scapular, and pelvic region

What part of the skeleton is axial?

*Cranial and facial

*hyoid

*ossicles

*vertebrae

*rib cage

How many types of bone cells are there?

4

What are the four types of bone cells?

*Osteogenic

*osteoblast (Bone Builders)

*osteocytes

*osteoclasts (break down bones)

What are the two major types of bone?

Compact and spongey

What is another name for compact bone?

Cortical

What is another name for spongy bone?

Cancellous

What are the four bone classifications?

*Long

*short

*flat

*irregular

What is the outermost layer of bone called?

Periosteum

What is the shaft of the bone called?

Diaphysis

What is the end of a long bone called that is made of spongy bone?

Epiphysis

Where is the medullary cavity?

Inside of diaphysis

What does the medullary cavity contain?

Yellow marrow

What is the attachment point for ligaments and tendons?

Periosteum

What is the inner layer of bone that lines the medullary cavity?

Endeosteum

What is the epiphaseal plate?

Growth plates where bone growth occurs

What is the epiphyseal line?

Calcified mature bone where the epiphyseal plate was

What are the three types of joints?

*Fibrous

*cartilaginous

*synovial

Which type of joint is immovable such as the sutures on the skull?

Fibrous

Which joint type is slightly movable such as the pubic symphysis?

Cartilaginous

What type of joint moves freely such as the elbow knee and hip?

Synovial

What is another word for fibrous joint?

Synathrotic

What is another name for cartilaginous joints?

Amphiathrotic

What is another name for synovial joint?

Diarthrotic

How many types of synovial joints are there?

Six

Name the six types of synovial joints

*Hinge

*ellipsoid

*pivot

*saddle

*ball and socket

*gliding

What are the functions of the muscular system?

*Movement of body parts

*posture

*stabilization of joints

*production of heat

What is the outer layer of connective tissue of muscle belly called?

Epimysium

What is the middle layer of connective tissue that groups skeletal muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles?

Perimysium

thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber

Endomysium

The collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together at the ends of a skeletal muscle to form a bundle called a:

Tendon

What is a broad, flat sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones, cartilage, or other muscles?

Aponeurosis

Skeletal muscle tissue makes up about _______% of total body mass

40

What is it called when skeletal muscles contract through the overlapping movement of thin actin and thick myosin filaments without changing their actual lengths?

Sliding filament mechanism

What is the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber located between two Z discs called?

Sarcomere

Thin protein filaments anchored to the Z discs.

Actin

Thick protein filaments featuring tiny heads that bind to actin.

Myosin

What does the Z line do?

Serves as an anchor point for actin filaments

What is the point where motor neuron excites sarcoma of muscle and initiates contraction called?

Neuromuscular Junction

Motor neurons and muscle fibers create what?

Motor unit

Which cellular metabolism does not require oxygen?

Anaerobic

Which cellular metabolism requires oxygen?

Aerobic

What are the three basic types of muscle contraction?

*Tonic

*isometric

*isotonic

What are other types of muscle contraction?

Twitch and tetanic

muscle generates tension without changing its length or causing any movement at the nearby joint

Isometric contraction

a continuous, slight contraction of a muscle that maintains resting muscle tone, posture, and joint stability without causing active movement

Tonic contraction

type of muscle contraction where the tension or force in the muscle remains constant while the muscle changes its length

Isotonic contraction

What are the three components of a lever system?

*Fulcrum

*Resistance

*Applied Force

What is the first class lever?

RFAF: Resistance, Fulcrum, Applied Force

What is the second class lever system?

FRAF: Fulcrum, Resistance, Applied Force

Which lever class is the most common?

Third class

What is the third lever class?

FAFR: Fulcrum, Applied Force, Resistance

Which muscle fibers have the same length and arrangement?

Parallel

Which muscle fibers are shorter and run at an oblique angle and attach to the tendon?

Pennate

What are types of parallel muscles?

*Circular

*fusiform

*triangular

*parallel

What are the types of pennate muscles?

*Unipennate

*Bipennate

*Multipennate

What are the four roles for muscles?

*Agonist

*antagonist

*synergist

*stabilizer

What is an Agonist muscle?

Prime mover

What is an antagonist muscle?

Works opposite of The Agonist

What is a synergist?

Helps Agonist

What are the three categories of range of movements or ROM?

*PROM: passive

*AROM: active

*RROM: resisted

What is the first event in sliding filament mechanism?

Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is the second event in sliding filament mechanism?

Calcium causes myosin binding sites on the actin molecules to be exposed.

What is the third event in the siding filament mechanism?

Cross bridges are created from actin and myosin binding pulling them across each other.

What is the 4th event in the sliding filament mechanism?

ATP is used to detach myosin heads to flip to next binding site.

What is the final event of the sliding filament mechanism?

When stimulus is removed more energy is expended to pump calcium.

Which bone cells are sometimes called bone builders?

Osteoblasts

Which mature bone cell is responsible for the continual exchange of nutrients and waste which maintains bone as living tissue?

Osteocytes

Which bone cell breaks down bones?

Osteoclasts

Which is the only bone cell capable of mitosis?

Osteogenic

A transparent gel like fluid that fills the space between cells and fibers in connective tissue.

Ground substance.

What is the amount of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid and replace the body's reserve of oxygen called?

Oxygen debt

What type of contraction is it when the muscle shortens while generating force?

Concentric contraction

What type of contraction is it when the muscle lengthens while generating force?

Eccentric contraction

What is it called when a muscle contracts with various amounts of force in different muscle fibers?

Graded response

What does the motor neuron do?

It is responsible for sending impulses to stimulate muscle fibers contraction or glandular secretion

What is the motor end plate?

Folded sections of sarcolemma or covering of muscle fiber