Comparing American Colonies Flashcards

What were the three legs of the Columbian Exchange?

Leg 1: Europe & Africa

Leg 2: Africa & Americas (slaves)

Leg 3: Americas as Europe (cash crops)

What were the miracle crops & what did they do?

Maize & potatoes—> led to population growth

What was the feudal system like in the New World?

Viceroys, Hidalgos, Indigenous

Viceroys

Representatives of the crown

Hidalgos

Lower nobility born in spain—like second born sons

Why did Charles I found the council of the indies

To centralize control over the expanding empire & to limit the power of conquistadors

Audencias

advised viceroys and governors and held judicial power in spanish colonies

why was there a reduced need for viceroys in brazil

no unifying empire

which killed more people the great dying or the bubonic plage

the great dying

Who founded the new laws of 1542

Bartalome de los casa

What did the new laws of 1542 do

restricted spanish from enslaving native peoples

What did the spanish do to the native cultures

they erased and replaced them

What were the castas based on

The purity of the blood line

What was the class structure of the new spanish colonies

Peninsulares/Hidalgos, Creoles, Mestizos & Mulattos, Amerindians slaves and zambos

Creoles

Spanish born in new world

Mestizos

Spanish & Indigenous mix

Mulattos

European & African mix

Why did cultural blending occur in Latin America but not North America

Because the british came with their families while spanish started families with indigenous women

encomendero

owner of estate with feudal responsibilities

What was the encomienda system?

Similar to the feudal system where encomendero provided protection & catholicism to indigenous people in exchange for labor.

what did the new laws of 1542 lead to

Repartimiento

Repartmiento

Distributing duties to nobles, peasants, etc.

Reducciones

Towns where natives were gathered

What was the Mita system

Inca Empire’s mandatory labor system where local communities sent workers to the state rather than paying in currency

What is debt bondage

Coerced labor in which a person has to work to pay off money owed (terms make it so that debt is impossible to clear)

who used debt bondage

the spanish

what was potosi

A city in bolivia that held 60% of global silver supply

What is chattel slavery

Where human beings are classified as property and can be bought, sold, traded, owned

what kinds of crops did slaves work on

cash crops like sugar, tobacco, bananas, etc.

how was economies of scale used in chattel slavery?

By dividing labor into distinct roles and focus on high outputs of crops

charters

private investors who think profit is possible in the new world

Who were english colonies settled by

companies with govt. charters

True or false: English colonies looked to the king for governance

False: They were allowed to rule themselves

what was the house of burgesses and what did they do

The first democratically-elected legislative body in North America founded in Jamestown

What is indentured servitude and where is it used

contractual unpaid labor in exchange for land, resources, and a ticket to the new world. lasted 4-7 years

what crops were grown in southern US

tobacco and cotton

why did the US switch to slavery

indentured servitude didn’t last as long as needed and people often escaped

What did New york & boston focus on

Commercial, trade, & finance

What were puritans and pilgrims seeking

religious freedom

Examples of maritime expansion before 1450 in indian ocean

Zheng He’s expedition, IOMS, malays in madagascar

Examples of maritime expansion before 1450 in pacific ocean

Malayo-polynesian settlement in phillippines, new guinea, polynesia, and hawaii

Examples of maritime expansion before 1450 in atlantic ocean

Vikings, arawak, genoa, azores

what were the factors for european exploration

Alliances between monarchs/voyagers,revival of trade, motivation to spread religion

why was european trade being revived?

-a weakening feudalism, hanseatic league, crusades (new contact), marco polo

what is a port-based sea empire and example

Empire that uses ships, ports, and trading posts to maintain power. Ex. Portugal

what happened under prince henry in portugal

Captured ceuta, development of caravel & cartography

what happened under king john in portugal

captured elmina, increased gold trade with africa led to cruzado (coin)

what did bart diaz do

sailed around the cape of good hope into the indian ocean

what did portugal establish in elmina

a fortified trading post

what did the oba of benin do

limit slaves to portugal

how did the king of kongo appeal to portugal

By demonstrating himself as a “christian brother”

How did portugal’s relationship with indian ocean societies change

They went from trading to trying to control them

What did vasco de gama do

sail from portugal to india

what was the cartaz system

Merchants had to obtain a cartaz (sea pass) if not they would be fined

What was the treaty of tordesillas

when spain and portugal divided the world into land they could claim

Why was Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage important

first known circumnavigation

What diseases killed 90% of natives?

smallpox, flu, typhus

How was the small spanish force able to conquer the entire aztec empire

By allying with indigenous people who knew the land to capture tenochtitlan

how was the small spanish force able to conquer the inca empire?

power struggle between sons led to weakened inca empire