Skeletal Trauma

Dislocation

• Or luxation.

• Results when a bone is out of its joint and not in contact with its normal articulation.

Subluxation

• Is a partial dislocation.

• Often occurs with a fracture.

fracture

A discontinuity of bone caused by mechanical forces either applied to the bone or transmitted directly along the line of the bone.

fracture repair steps

1. A fracture tears and destroys the bone blood vessels.

2. The break in the bone is filled by a large clot that temporarily bridges the fracture.

3. The blood clot is reabsorbed and replaced by a special repair tissue called a callus.

4. The callus binds the broken ends of the fracture together.

5. Osteoblasts create bone to permanently repair the fracture.

6. Osteoclasts dissolve any extra bone created during the repair process.

open

• Also referred to as compound.

• The bone penetrates the skin.

closed

• Also referred to as simple.

• The skin does not penetrated.

displaced

the bone fragments are not aligned

nondisplaced

the bone fragments are aligned

Complete Noncomminuted

The bone separates into two fragments

spiral fracture

• a fracture line that spirals the long axis of the bone

  • caused by a twisting or rotational force

oblique

•  the fragments are still in the same plane, diagonal.

transverse

 right angles to the long axis. horizontal

pathologic

•  commonly transverse fractures

  • occur from bone that had been weakened by disease

comminuted

bone is splintered or crushed

incomplete fracture

• Only part of the bony structure gives way, with little or no displacement. 

greenstick fracture

• : bone snaps, but doesnt separate

  • occurs mostly in children

torus or buckle fracture

• type of greenstick fracture. Cortex bulges outward, usually at metapophysis

impacted

Fragments of one end of a broken bone are wedged or driven into the other end of the bone.

avulsion

• A fragmented bone is pulled away from the shaft.

• Usually occurs around a ligament or tendon.

• Typically, associated with a sprain or dislocation.

growth plate fracture

• Involve the end of a long bone of a child.

• Salter- Harris system: system for numbering growth plate fractures

  • numbered from 1-6. 1 is least severe.

stress fracture

• Occur as a result of an abnormal degree of repetitive trauma.

  • usually found at a place of muscular attachment. 

  • very small

  • fatigue fracture: March fracture, which is of the second metatarsal

stellate

A central point of injury from which radiate numerous fissures.

occult fracture

not seen radiographically until days later.

-scaphoid, navicular, ribs

Colles

• Fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacement. 

  • most common wrist fracture

Smith’s

Fracture of the distal radius with anterior displacement.

Boxer’s

Fracture of the 5^th metacarpal.

Bennett’s

• Fracture and dislocation of the first carpometacarpal joint.

  • avulsion fracture of base of 3rd metacarpal, and trapezium. when thumb is forced backward

Monteggia

A fracture of the proximal 3^rd of the ulnar shaft, with anterior dislocation of the radial head.