organics vid 2

What is the conditions for haloalkanes reacting with water

Heat with water via nucleophilic substitution

What is produced when haloalkanes reacting with water under heat

An alcohol is made

What is the trend in reactivity of haloalkanes down the group

Becomes more reactive down the group and hydrolysed the fastest

What haloalkane silver precipitate will form first

The iodine one

What determines the reactivity of haloalkanes down the group

The bond strength, the larger the halide ion gets down the group the weaker the bond so more easily broken

What haloalkane is most reactive - primary secondary or tertiary

Tertiary reacts the quickest while primary reacts the slowest

What is the conditions of haloalkanes reacting with hydroxide ions

• warm aqueous sodium hydroxide, water could be used but water is a weaker nucleophile so it’ll be slower

• Carried under reflux as dont want to lose any volatile chemicals

What do haloalkanes reacting with cyanide ions produce

Nitriles

What is the conditions for haloalkanes reacting with cyanide ions

• warm ethanolic potassium cyanide

• Carried out under reflux

What is condition for the reaction between haloalkanes with ammonia

• heat with ethanolic ammonia

• Must have excess ammonia

What is conditions for reaction between haloalkanes and hydroxide ions using ethanol solvent

• warm ethanolic sodium hydroxide

• Carried out under reflux

What is made when haloalkanes reacting with oh- ions using ethanolic solvent

An alkene is formed as in the mechanism the oh- ion attracted to h atom and causes it to form a double bond and water is also produced along with the halogen

What is made when haloalkanes react with sodium hydroxide

• an alkene when using ethanol solvent

• An alcohol when using water as solvent

When sodium hydroxide reacts with haloalkanes to make alkene what does the oh act as

A base

When sodium hydroxide reacts with haloalkanes to form an alcohol with water as the solvent what does the oh act as

A nucleophile

How is a chloroalkane made

Reacting an alcohol with PCl5 or HCl

What type of alcohol reacts the fastest with HCl

Tertiary reacts fastest and primary reacts the slowest

How is bromoalkanes made

An alcohol is reacted with halide ion and an acid catalyst eg H2SO4

How is iodoalkane made

By reacting an alcohol with Pl3

How is Pl3 made

Made in situ under reflux with the alcohol, red phosphor and iodine

What is made from the dehydration of alcohols

Alkenes via an elimination reaction

What acid catalyst is used in dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes

Sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid

What colour flame do alcohol give off when burnt

A light blue flame and burn readily

How can alcohols be oxidised

Using a mild oxidising agent like potassium dichromate

What colour does acidified potassium dichromate change into when it is being reduced

Turns from orange to green

What are primary alcohols oxidised to

Aldehydes and then carboxylic acids

What do secondary alcohols oxidise into

Ketones

How to extract aldehyde but not carboxylic acid

By removing it from the oxidising agent using distillation

How is carboxylic acid made

Under reflux and excess oxidising agent

How is ketones made

Under reflux and and oxidising agent

How to test for aldehydes/ ketones using fehlings solution

• add blue solution to the sample and place in a hot water bath

• Aldehydes turn from blue to a brick red precipitate (Cu2O) and ketones remain blue

What’s the difference between fehlings solution and Benedict’s solution

Benedict’s is Cu2+. Ions dissolved in sodium carbonate and fehlings is Cu2+ ions dissolved in sodium hydroxide

When is reflux used

When want to heat volatile liquids

When is distillation used

When want to separate substances with different boiling points

When is redistillation used

When want to purify volatile substances which can be purified further using separation

What is used as a dehydrating agent when purifying substances

Calcium chloride

How can boiling points be used to detect impurities

Using distillation and gently heating and using a thermometer to measure the temp when it boils and compare to the data values, it is impure if ur measured boiling points is higher than data one