Orthopedics

orthopedics

anatomy and phisiology of the skeletal and muscular system

Fracture

broken bones

colles fracture

distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand

compression fracture

vertebrae are compressed on them selves

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

oblique fracture

fracture at an angle to the bone

spiral fracture

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

transverse fracture

bone break with fracture line straight across shaft of bone

osteomalacia

Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency.

osteoporosis

thinning of the bone structure, more breakdown than formation.

osteoma

benign growth in the bone

osteosarcoma

malignant growth of osteoblasts

erwing sarcoma

malignant growth in young men

chondroma

benign tumor of the cartilage

chondromalacia patellae

softening of the patella due to uneven wear

osteomyelitis

infection of the bone and bone marrow from bacteria

pectus excavatum

sternum bent inward creating a depression

kyphosis

curvature of thoracic spine (hunchback)

lordosis

curvature of the lumbar spine (sway back)

scoliosis

C or S shaped spine

ankylosing spondylitis

chronic inflamation of the vertebrae that causes vertebrae to fuse together

spondylolisthesis

degenerative condition where vertebra slip out of alignment

Genu valgum

knock knee

genu varum

knees face outward (bowleg)

hallux valgus

big toe angles toward the other toes and swelling at the base (bunions)

talipes equinovarus

foot deformity where foot is pulled inward (clubfoot)

arthralgia

pain in the joint due to injury, inflammation or infection

arthropathy

joint disease

osteoarthritis (OA)

chronic inflamation of the joints

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease where body attacks cartilage in the joints causing them to deform, swell, and redden.

Dislocation

complete displacement if bone from its normal location

subluxation

partial dislocation

gout

uric acid in the joint, mostly in the big toe

sprain

overstretching and tearing of ligaments around the joint

hemarthrosis

blood in joint cavity

rheumatoid factor (RF)

blood test for rheumatoid arthritis

uric acid test

blood test that shows elevated level of uric acid for patients with gout and gouty arthritis

bone density test

low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass

x-ray

most common procedure for diagnosing fractures.

cast

layer of plaster or fiberglass appled around a fractured bone to immobilize it

closed reduction

procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery

Goniometry

Measurement of joint motion

orthosis

brace or splint that keeps body part straight immobile

physical therapy (PT)

exercise that improves range of motion, joint mobility, strength and balance.

active exercises

exercises that a patient performs without assistance

passive exercise

manual or mechanical means of moving the joints by a therapist

traction

uses weight to pull bone ends into alignment, uses wraps or straps.

prosthesis

orthopedic device that is created for a patient after amputation

analgesics

treat pain: pain relief

bone resorption inhibitors

prevent osteoclasts from breaking down bone to treat osteoporosis

Corticosteriods

decrease severe inflammation

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs)

treat inflammation and pain from osteoarthritis and orthopedic injury

amputation

removal of all or part of a damaged extremity

BKA

below knee amputation

AKA

above knee amputation

arthrocentesis

removal of accumulated fluid from an injured joint using needle

arthrodesis

fusion of bones in a deteriorated unstable joint.

arthroscopy

Visualization of the inside of a joint using an

arthroscope inserted into the joint.

bone graft

replacement of bone damaged by bone cancer

bunionectomy

removal of a bunion

cartilage transplantation

replacement of damaged cartilage, alternate to knee replacement

external fixation

treatment for complicated fractures, device placed on bone and secured with pins.

Joint replacement surgery (arthroplasty)

replacement of a joint destroyed by osteoarthritis with a metal or plastic prosthetic.

open reduction and internal fixation

incision made at fracture site and bone pieces realigned, screws and plates used to hold the bone in alignment.

T1-T12

thoracic vertebrae

L1-L5

lumbar vertebrae

C1-C7

cervical vertebrae

DEXA

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

CT

computed tomography