Psych 181 Quiz 1 Part 3

strong need to belong

We may be capable of acting independently, but people have a?

individualism

Me:?: pursuing our own goals and interest

Collectivisim

We:?: contributing to the goals and wellbeings of the group

cooperate, contribute, collective goals

For a group to survive, members must ______, ________, and sometimes put __________ _____ ahead of personal interests

personality

At what point does a group become a part of who i am?

Baumeister and Leary

WHo stated that humans have the fundamental need to belong?

connection, inclusion, isolation

Although people can survive independently, most people prefer ____ and _____ over prolonged ______

meaningful connections

Humans may be capable of being alone, but we are not necessarily designed to live without?

belonging, connection, support, identity shared goals

Groups satisfy the importing social needs by following

1

2

3

4

social environment

Groups are not simply collections of people.

They provide a _________ ___________ where individuals can connect, cooperate and develop relationships

lonely

Being alone is not equal to being?

being alone

It means that a person is physically by themselves

reflection, rest, independence, self-discovery

Being alone allows:

1

2

3

4

loneliness

unpleasant feeling that one’s social relationshhip are insufficient or lacking

• You can be alone without being lonely and you can be surrounded by people yet still feel lonely

Personal process

FOUNDATION OF GROUP FORMATION

• focuses on internal traits, personality motivations and biological predispositions that pushes individuals towards or away from collectives

Personal process

FOUNDATION OF GROUP FORMATION

• who joins and who stay apart

Situational processes

FOUNDATION OF GROUP FORMATION

• focuses on external pressures, ambiguous threats and stressful circumstances that trigger the human affliation imperative

SItuational processes

FOUNDATION OF GROUP FORMATION

• when does the environment push us together

Interpersonal Processes

FOUNDATION OF GROUP FORMATION

• focuses on magnetism between members, driven by proximity, similarity and economic exchange of social rewards

Interpersonal processes

FOUNDATION OF GROUP FORMATION

• what generates bonds of attraction

personality

It dictates the initial push toward the group

Five factor model

Personality traits

• FFM meaning

Five Factor Model of personality

people who vary 5 fundamental traits of personality exhibit consistent differences across diverse times of situations

extraversion

FFM

• it includes engagement and interest in social interactions including friendliness, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement, seeking, and cheerfullness

agreeableness

FFM

• cooperative orientation to others including acceptance, frankness, compassion, congeniality, modesty and sympathy

Conscientiousness

FFM

• persistence in the pursuit of tasks, including self-confidence, orderliness

Neuroticism

FFM

• strong emotional proclivities, including anxiety, hostility, negative affect, shyness, lackness of impulse control and reactivity stressors

openness to experiences

FFM

• active pursuit of intellectually and aesthetically stimulating experiences, including imagination

Five factor model

This theory assumes that people differ from one another in many ways

extraversion

affinity for being part of a group may also be based on their assertiveness, for they tend to be influential to group members rather than quiet followers

groups

people with extraversion may seek out?

extraversion

Unlike traits like intelligence or morality, people can detect ____________ almost instantly when meeting someone new

outgoing, sociable

Extraverts are naturally ______ or ______ making it easy for them to plug in a team

• they are more open to show how they really feel

rewards

Extraverts are more sensitive to what than introverts?

• their positivity may be due to their more positive reaction to pleasant experiences

true

True or false:

• their happiness may also be due to the fact that they join more frequently with other people, and strong social relationships are a fundamental determinant of well-being

personality group fit

the closer your personality matches a group’s purpose and strcutrue, the more likely you are to join it

initiator

while estraversion determines if you will join a group in general, your other personality traits dictate which group you choose:

• extraversion is the __________ not the one that will maintain the relationship

team-oriented

extraverts gravitate towards ______-______ groups that offer plenty of social interaction

agreeable

___________ individuals seek out cooperative group and actively avoid aggressive, highly competitive environments

conscientious

________ individuals are drawn to organized, detail and task-oriented groups

anxiety and attachment

just as personality traits may push people toward groups, other personality qualities may push them away from groups

instinctive, form of fear

how do we differentiate anxiety from fear?

• fear: _______

• anxiety: _______ ___ ____

anxiety

• anticipation of what will happen in the future

social anxiety

type of anxiety afraid of social interactions

anxiety and attachment

It is a behavior that depends on particular attachment style

biological roots of social reluctance

How does shyness social anxiety shapes our desire and ability to connect?

shyness

a dispositional tendency to feel uneasy in social interactions

shyness

It is merely a preference, but a neurological reality.

amygdala

shy brains react to unfamiliear faces with heightened __________ activity rather than reward activation

social surrogate

Coping mechanism: shy individuals often rely on a?

social surrogate

it is a friend brought into a new group to handle the initial social labor and ease the transition until anxiety subsides

true

Trur or false:

shy people react differently than non shy people, neurologically, when they see a stranger’s face

• non shy: brain shows activation response in the bilateral nucleus accumbens

• shy: brain shows act

social anxiety

fear of social failure

• sets in when individuals desperately want to make good impression but believe their efforts to establish relationships will fail

silence, downcast eyes, low speaking

how socially anxious people behave in a group

• when in a group, socially anxious people usually do not actively participate, instead they:

  • are easily identified by their _______, ________ _______ and ______ _________ voices

innocuous sociability

social anxiety engage in ________ _________

• they blend into the background by showing general interest and agreeing with others while minimizing their actual personal involvement

• choose to disaffliate (reduce or cut off social contact completely)

attachment style in group dynamics

when individuals join a group, they implicitly agree to become part of a network of intertwined relationships

john bowlby

who formulated attachment theory in 1980

attachment theory

it states thaat early childhood relationships with caregivers establish how we relate to each other

group-level attachment styles

who discovered group-level attachment stykes

• individuals also project these orientations directly

preoccupies

constntly worries the group doesnt value them

tends to contribute far less to the group’s instrumental tasks

secure

comfortable with intertwining relationships

contribute heavily to both the instrumental work and relationship maintenance of the group

fearful

desires connection but fundamentally distrusts the group dynamic, leading to severe withdrawal

dismissing

claims the group is unimportant.

contributes little to tasks or relationships; and is most likely to plan an exit

secure

low anxiety, low avoidance

dismissing

low anxiety, high avoidance

preoccupied

high anxiety, low avoidance

fearful

high anxiety, high avoidance

shyness, social anxiety, social anxiety disorder

3 stages of anxiety escalation spectrum

affliation

gathering together of conspecifics (members of the same species) in one location

Festinger’s Social Comparison

The affliation imperative: environment as a catalyst

Ambiguous or threatening situation

• pathway: cognitive

  • when conditions are confusing, we experience unsettling pyschological reactions. We affliate with others to gather information, test reality and achieve cognitive clarity

safety in numbers

The affliation imperative: environment as a catalyst

Ambiguous or threatening situation

• pathway: physical/emotional

  • In times of long-term threat or stress, human biology triggers the flight or fight or tend-and-befriend responses, pushing us toward cobspecifics to ensure mutual survival.

inclusive, emotional, informational, instrumental, spiritual

Buffering effect: how groups shield us

types of support

1

2

3

4

5

inclusive support

reassures members they are valued and not facing problems alone

emotional support

maximizes vulnearbility and self-doubt through expressd caring and affection

informational support

offers necessary advice, guidance, and suggestions to solve immediate problems

instrumental support

provides tangible, material assistance (collaborative labor, loaning money/materials)

spiritual support

allays existential anxiety by reconfirming shared worldviews and faith

social comparison

We evaluate our own qualities by comparing our attitudes, experiences, and outcomes with others

upward comparison

SOCIAL COMPARISON

• selecting superiors for inspiration

downward comparison

SOCIAL COMPARISON

• selecting those worse off for reassurance

Self-evaluating maintenance

Tesser’s SEM model

self-evaluating model

this mode reveals how we protect our self-esteem: we deliberately choose to associate with high-achievers only in areas that are irrelevant to our own core identity, while avoiding then in areas vital to our self-worth

attraction

what changes acquaintances into friends

proximity, elaboration, similarity

3 principles of factors influencing attraction

proximity principle

principle influencing attraction

• groups rarely form by rational planning

• geographic closeness creates familiarity which naturally increases interaction and cultivates preference

elaboration principle

principle influencing attraction

• groups are self-organizing dynamic systems

• a dyad naturally proliferates ties, expanding into a functional collective as non-members link to existing mmebers

similarity principles

principle influencing attraction

• homophily acts as social magnet

• we are inherently drawn to those who share our attitudes, values and demographic characteristic

complementarity

factors influencing attraction

dissimilarities bind groups if they fit together functionally

integrity, originator

factors influencing attraction

Schultz identifies two compatibilities

1. members share similar needs for inclusion and affection

2. a perfect matching of seekers and receivers

reciprocity principle

fators influencing attraction

• linking is a bidirectional engine

• person a’s affection triggers person b’s positive response, accelerating the bond

• also fuels negative reciprocity, rapidly escalationg group fiction

minimax principle

we prefer groups that provide maximum valued rewards for the minimum cost

minimax principle

economics of membership

Thibaut and Kelley

Who mapped this economic reality?

Rewards - Costs = Outcomes

satisfaction

outcomes vs comparison level (baseline expectation from experience) =?

join leave decision

outcomes vs alternative levels for alternatives =?