STAGE II

What five elements make up an IFR clearance using CRAFT?

Clearance limit, route, altitude, frequency, transponder.

What are the three types of holding entries?

Direct, parallel, and teardrop.

What is the difference between standard and nonstandard turns in a hold?

Standard turns are to the right; nonstandard turns are to the left.

What factors must be accounted for in a holding pattern?

Holding speeds, leg timing, wind correction, EFC (Expect Further Clearance) time, and the 5 Ts at a fix.

What is a clearance void time?

The time at which the clearance expires if the flight has not departed, after which the pilot must advise ATC.

What are the purposes of an ODP, SID, and STAR?

ODP (Obstacle Departure Procedure) provides obstacle clearance; SID (Standard Instrument Departure) and STAR (Standard Terminal Arrival Route) streamline ATC routing and traffic flow.

What is the difference between an MEA and a MOCA?

MEA (Minimum Enroute Altitude) guarantees navigational signal coverage and obstacle clearance; MOCA (Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude) guarantees obstacle clearance only up to 22 NM from the VOR.

What is the difference between DA and MDA?

DA (Decision Altitude) is used on precision approaches and APV where a mandatory climb must be initiated if the runway environment is not sighted; MDA (Minimum Descent Altitude) is used on nonprecision approaches where descent below the altitude is prohibited until reaching the Missed Approach Point (MAP) and visual references are established.

What do IAF, IF, FAF, and MAP stand for?

Initial Approach Fix, Intermediate Fix, Final Approach Fix, and Missed Approach Point.

What is the difference between ILS, LPV, and LNAV minimums?

ILS is a precision approach with a decision altitude; LPV is an APV (Approach with Vertical Guidance) with precision-like lateral and vertical minima; LNAV is a nonprecision lateral-only approach with an MDA.

When may a pilot descend below DA or MDA?

When the aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers, and the flight visibility is not less than the prescribed minimum, and certain runway environment visual references are distinctly visible and identifiable.

What procedure is followed after receiving vectors to final?

Maintain the assigned heading/altitude until vectored to intercept the final approach course, comply with altitude assignments, and maintain situational awareness of the final approach fix.

What changes occur when two-way radio communication is lost in IMC under 14 CFR 91.185?

Route selection follows Assigned, Vectored, Expected, or Filed (AVEF); altitude selection follows the highest of Assigned, Expected, or Minimum enroute altitude (MEA).

How do you determine whether an alternate airport is required?

Using the 1-2-3 rule: if within 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA, the forecasted weather has a ceiling of at least 2,000 feet and visibility of at least 3 statute miles, an alternate is not required.

What five elements should be recorded in an IFR clearance? (Practice Q1)

Clearance limit, route, altitude, frequency, and transponder.

Given a holding clearance and inbound course, how do you select an entry? (Practice Q2)

Determine sector entry (direct, teardrop, or parallel) relative to the holding side and inbound track.

What is the difference between a clearance limit and a clearance void time? (Practice Q3)

A clearance limit is the farthest point to which cleared; a clearance void time is the time limit by which the flight must be airborne.

How do ODPs, SIDs, and STARs differ? (Practice Q4)

ODPs focus on obstacle clearance; SIDs and STARs streamline air traffic departure and arrival routing.

What is the difference between an MEA and MOCA? (Practice Q5)

MEA guarantees navigation signal coverage and obstacle clearance; MOCA guarantees obstacle clearance (and signal coverage only within 22 NM of a VOR).

Where are the FAF, MAP, DA/MDA, and missed approach instructions located on a chart? (Practice Q6)

Found in the profile view, plan view, and landing minima tables of the instrument approach procedure chart.

How do ILS, LPV, and LNAV minimums compare? (Practice Q7)

ILS and LPV provide vertical guidance down to a DA; LNAV provides lateral-only guidance down to an MDA.

When may a pilot descend below DA/MDA? (Practice Q8)

When required visual references for the runway environment are visible and the aircraft is in a position for a normal landing.

What steps are taken after receiving vectors to final? (Practice Q9)

Maintain vector headings, prepare to intercept the final approach course, and establish final approach configuration/speeds.

What routing and altitude rules apply when two-way radio communication is lost in IMC? (Practice Q10)

Follow AVEF for route and the highest of assigned/expected/MEA for altitude under 14 CFR 91.185.

How do you evaluate alternate requirements? (Practice Q11)

Check the 1-2-3 rule timing and weather forecasts at the destination aerodrome.

What are the standard phases of an IFR flight from filing to landing? (Practice Q12)

Clearance delivery, taxi, takeoff, departure control, en route center, approach control, tower handoff, and landing.

What is an LNAV/VNAV approach?

An RNAV approach that provides both lateral and vertical guidance (using WAAS or Baro-VNAV) down to a Decision Altitude (DA).

What are aircraft approach categories (A through E) based on?

Aircraft approach categories are based on 1.3 times the aircraft's stall speed in the landing configuration at maximum certified weight ($1.3 V_{SO}$), which determines applicable minimums and turning radii.

What are circling restrictions on an approach chart?

Published limitations or prohibitions regarding circling to land on specific runways due to surrounding terrain or obstacles.

What is a direct-to clearance?

An ATC instruction to proceed directly from your current position to a specified fix or waypoint, bypassing intermediate airway segments.

How are equipment and surveillance codes used in an ICAO flight plan?

Alphanumeric codes designated in the flight plan blocks to specify onboard communication, navigation, and transponder/ADS-B capabilities (e.g., GPS/WAAS equipment).