applied anatomy exam 1

most common ankle sprain

inversion; anterior talofibular ligament

least common ankle injury

high ankle sprain

rarest ankle injury

pure ankle dislocation

two phases of walking

stance phase (60%) and swing phase

steps of the stance phase

initial contact (heel-strike), loading response, midstance, terminal stance, and pre-swing (toe-off)

steps of swing phase

initial swing, midswing, terminal swing

rear foot bones

talus and calcaneous

mid foot bones

5 tarsal bones, navicular, 3 cuneiform bones and the cuboid

all tarsal bones that we need to know

talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform and cuboid

tibia landmarks

medial malleolus, tibial platform, fibular notch, medial & lateral condyles, intercondylar eminance, and tibial tuberosity

primary function of fibula

attachment site for muscles and ligaments

fibula landmarks

lateral malleolus and malleolar fossa

role of the talus

weight bearing, articulates with talocrural joint and subtalar joint

bones in talocrural joint

tibia, fibula, and talus

bones in subtalar joint

talus and calcaneous

issues with calcaneous

bone spurs, can be due to stress, inflammation or plantar fasciitis

plantar fasciitis

inflammation of plantar fascia

talocrural joint movements; plane/axis of motion?

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion; sagittal, mediolateral

subtalar joint movements

inversion and eversino

three arches in the foot

medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, and transverse arch

what supports the longitudinal arch

plantar fascia

windlass effect (FRQ)

the mechanical tightening of the plantar fascia when the big toe bends upward, which raises the arch and stiffens the foot for walking

way to test for plantar fasciitis

windlass test

pes planus

flat floot

pes cavus

high arch

plane of motion eversion and inversion occur in

frontal plane; anteroposterior axis

all of the plantar flexor muscles

gastrocnemius, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, plantaris, soleus and tibialis posterior

all of the evertor muscles

fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius, and extensor digitorum longus

all of the dorsiflexor muscles

tibialis anterior, fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus

all of the invertor muscles

tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus

female triad of the knee (unhappy triad)

increased Q angle puts pressure on the outside of the knee- the MCL, ACL, and medial meniscus

4 bones that make up the knee complex

femur, patella, tibia, fibula

landmarks on the knee relevant to the knee complex

medial/lateral condyle, medial/lateral epicondyle, trochlear groove, and popliteal surface

quadriceps tendon attachment site

the base (top) of the patella

patellar tendon attachment site

apex (bottom) of the patella and then the tibial tuberosity