HK 302 exam 1

LECTURE 1 | What is anatomy?

The science of the structure of the body.

LECTURE 1 | Why is identifying bony landmarks important?

It helps identify where structures are located and is important for injury assessment.

LECTURE 1 | What is structural kinesiology?

The study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in movement.

LECTURE 1 | What is the prime concern of structural kinesiology?

The function or movement produced, not just the location of a muscle.

LECTURE 1 | What are extrinsic muscles?

Muscles that originate proximal to the body part on which they act.

LECTURE 1 | What are intrinsic muscles?

Muscles entirely contained within a specified body part.

LECTURE 1 | What is a plane of motion?

An imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment moves.

LECTURE 1 | What is an axis of rotation?

The axis around which movement occurs; it is perpendicular to the plane of motion.

LECTURE 1 | Does most human movement occur in only one plane?

No. Most motions do not occur within a single plane.

LECTURE 1 | What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?

Right and left halves.

LECTURE 1 | What axis is associated with the sagittal plane?

The frontal axis (X), which runs medial to lateral.

LECTURE 1 | What movements commonly occur in the sagittal plane?

Flexion and extension.

LECTURE 1 | What does the frontal plane divide the body into?

Anterior and posterior halves.

LECTURE 1 | What axis is associated with the frontal plane?

The sagittal axis (Z), which runs anterior to posterior.

LECTURE 1 | What movements commonly occur in the frontal plane?

Abduction and adduction.

LECTURE 1 | What does the transverse plane divide the body into?

Superior and inferior halves.

LECTURE 1 | What axis is associated with the transverse plane?

The vertical axis (Y), which runs superior to inferior.

LECTURE 1 | What movements commonly occur in the transverse plane?

Internal and external rotation.

LECTURE 1 | What is an oblique or diagonal plane?

A combination of more than one plane of motion.

LECTURE 1 | What five major factors affect joint stability and mobility?

Bones; cartilage; ligaments and connective tissue; muscles; proprioception and motor control.

LECTURE 1 | How do bones affect joint stability?

The depth and shallowness of joint surfaces affect joint configuration and stability.

LECTURE 1 | How does cartilage contribute to joint stability?

Hyaline cartilage and specialized structures such as menisci and labra improve joint congruency and stability.

LECTURE 1 | What type of stability do ligaments and connective tissue provide?

Static stability.

LECTURE 1 | What tissue ratio is associated with hyperlaxity?

A proportionally higher elastin-to-collagen ratio.

LECTURE 1 | What type of stability do actively contracting muscles provide?

Dynamic stability.

LECTURE 1 | How much static stability do muscles provide without active contraction?

Minimal static stability.

LECTURE 1 | Why are proprioception and motor control important for joint stability?

They help coordinate the appropriate muscular forces and joint activations at the right time.

LECTURE 1 | What may happen when a factor supporting joint stability is compromised?

Other structures take on additional demands, potentially contributing to abnormal mobility and further pathology.

LECTURE 1 | What is Wolff’s Law?

Bones adapt their size and shape to the direction and magnitude of habitual forces; bone mass increases over time with increased stress.

LECTURE 1 | What is Davis’s Law?

Soft tissues adapt to appropriate tension by lengthening and may gradually shorten when maintained in a loose or shortened state.

LECTURE 1 | What is the general relationship between joint mobility and stability?

The more mobile a joint is, the less stable it is, and vice versa.

LECTURE 1 | What is a muscle’s origin?

Its proximal attachment, usually closest to the body’s midline.

LECTURE 1 | What is a muscle’s insertion?

Its distal attachment, functionally the more movable part.

LECTURE 1 | What is a muscle’s action?

The movement of a joint resulting from a concentric action of the muscle.

LECTURE 1 | What is muscle innervation?

The nerve providing stimulus to the muscle fibers.

LECTURE 1 | What is a muscle’s gaster or belly?

Its central, fleshy portion.

LECTURE 1 | What is an isotonic or dynamic muscle action?

The muscle develops tension and movement results.

LECTURE 1 | What is an isometric or static muscle action?

The muscle develops tension without movement.

LECTURE 1 | What happens during a concentric muscle action?

The muscle shortens while developing active tension to overcome resistance.

LECTURE 1 | During a concentric action, how does muscle force compare with resistance?

Force is greater than resistance.

LECTURE 1 | What happens during an eccentric muscle action?

The muscle lengthens under active tension to control resistance.

LECTURE 1 | During an eccentric action, how does muscle force compare with resistance?

Force is less than resistance.

LECTURE 1 | What happens during an isometric muscle action?

The muscle is active and develops tension without a change in joint position.

LECTURE 1 | During an isometric action, how does muscle force compare with resistance?

Force equals resistance.

LECTURE 1 | Which muscle action is associated with accelerating movement?

Concentric.

LECTURE 1 | Which muscle action is associated with decelerating movement?

Eccentric.

LECTURE 1 | What is an agonist?

A muscle that produces the movement.

LECTURE 1 | What is an antagonist?

A muscle that opposes the movement and must relax to allow it.

LECTURE 1 | What is a stabilizer?

A muscle that stabilizes one joint so movement can occur at an adjacent joint.

LECTURE 1 | What is a synergist?

A muscle that assists a movement but is not the prime mover.

LECTURE 1 | What is a neutralizer?

A muscle that counteracts another muscle’s action to prevent undesirable motion.

LECTURE 1 | What is a force couple?

Two or more forces pulling in different directions.

LECTURE 1 | What is a uniarticular muscle?

A muscle that crosses and acts directly on only one joint.

LECTURE 1 | What is a biarticular muscle?

A muscle that crosses and acts on two different joints.

LECTURE 1 | What is an example of a uniarticular muscle from the slides?

Vastus lateralis, which assists with knee extension.

LECTURE 1 | What is an example of a biarticular muscle from the slides?

Rectus femoris, which assists with hip flexion and knee extension.

LECTURE 1 | What is one advantage of biarticular muscles?

They can cause, control, or prevent motion at more than one joint.

LECTURE 1 | How can a biarticular muscle maintain a relatively constant length?

By shortening at one joint while lengthening at another.

LECTURE 1 | What may happen to force production when a biarticular muscle shortens significantly at both joints?

Force production decreases.

LECTURE 1 | How can you determine a muscle’s action from its anatomy?

Use its origin, insertion, line of pull, and the joint’s axis of rotation.

LECTURE 1 | What is an open kinetic chain (OKC)?

The distal component moves freely over a stable proximal component.

LECTURE 1 | What is a closed kinetic chain (CKC)?

The distal component is fixed and the proximal component moves over it.

LECTURE 1 | What are physiological movements (osteokinematics)?

Measurable movements of bones through planes of motion around an axis.

LECTURE 1 | What are accessory motions (arthrokinematics)?

Movements between articular surfaces, including roll, glide, and spin.

LECTURE 1 | Why are accessory motions important?

They must occur for a joint to have normal motion.

LECTURE 1 | What is a roll?

A series of points on one articular surface contacts a series of points on another surface.

LECTURE 1 | What is a glide?

One point on an articular surface contacts a series of points on another surface.

LECTURE 1 | What is a spin?

A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another.

LECTURE 1 | What is range of motion (ROM)?

The area through which a joint can move freely and painlessly.

LECTURE 1 | What instruments can measure range of motion?

A goniometer or inclinometer.

LECTURE 2 | What is the axial skeleton?

Bones that lie along the axis of the body.

LECTURE 2 | What structures make up the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

LECTURE 2 | How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are listed in the slides?

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar.

LECTURE 2 | How many pairs of ribs are listed in the slides?

12 pairs: 7 true, 3 false, and 2 floating.

LECTURE 2 | What are the three parts of the sternum?

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

LECTURE 2 | What are the functions of the axial skeleton?

Supports trunk soft tissues, protects vital organs, and provides muscle attachments for the limbs.

LECTURE 2 | What is the appendicular skeleton?

The bones of the extremities.

LECTURE 2 | What bones form the pectoral girdle?

Scapula and clavicle.

LECTURE 2 | What three bones make up an os coxa?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

LECTURE 2 | What is another name for the os coxa?

Innominate bone.

LECTURE 2 | What structures form the pelvic girdle according to the slides?

Two os coxa and the sacrum.

LECTURE 2 | What are the free bones of the lower limb?

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

LECTURE 2 | What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

Provides levers and muscle attachments to transmit and magnify force for movement.

LECTURE 2 | Where are the sacroiliac (SI) joints located in the pelvic girdle?

Posteriorly.

LECTURE 2 | Where is the pubic symphysis located in the pelvic girdle?

Anteriorly.

LECTURE 2 | What is another name for the pelvic brim?

Terminal line.

LECTURE 2 | Where is the true pelvis located?

Below the pelvic brim.

LECTURE 2 | Where is the false pelvis located?

Above the pelvic brim.

LECTURE 2 | What do the iliac crests support?

The weight of the abdominopelvic viscera.

LECTURE 2 | What does the true pelvis transmit and receive?

Weight from the vertebral column and lower extremities.

LECTURE 2 | How do the slides describe the female pelvis compared with the male pelvis?

Wider, rounder, and more open.

LECTURE 2 | What pelvic bony landmarks should you identify?

Obturator foramen, ischial tuberosity, iliac crest, greater and lesser sciatic notches, ischial spine, ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, and PIIS.

LECTURE 2 | What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A cartilaginous joint between the pubic bones.

LECTURE 2 | Where is the pubic symphysis in the pelvic ring?

The most anterior portion.

LECTURE 2 | How much movement is available at the pubic symphysis?

A small amount.

LECTURE 2 | What connects the pubic symphysis?

Fibrocartilage and the superior and inferior pubic ligaments.

LECTURE 2 | What type of joint is the SI joint?

A synovial joint between the sacrum and ilium.

LECTURE 2 | How many SI joints are there?

Two, one on each side of the sacrum.

LECTURE 2 | What happens to the SI joint with age?

It tends to stiffen.