Public Health test 2

Vertical health program

A top-down, disease-specific, cure-focused initiative driven by donors or outsiders that relies on technical fixes and lacks community engagement.

Herd immunity

When a large enough portion of the population is immunized so that a virus cannot find a host or spread, protecting vulnerable individuals.

Eradication campaign

A targeted, population-wide effort designed to permanently reduce the global incidence of an infectious disease to zero with no further intervention needed.

Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)

A WHO initiative introduced in 1974 aimed at immunizing children under five against six core diseases (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, polio, and tuberculosis).

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

The virus detected in the blood that attacks CD4 T-helper cells and damages the immune system.

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

The advanced stage of HIV infection defined by having 200 or fewer CD4 cells per liter or having an opportunistic infection while HIV-positive.

PrEP (Pre-exposure prophylaxis)

A daily medication taken by HIV-negative individuals at high risk for acquiring HIV to prevent infection.

PEP (Post-exposure prophylaxis)

Medication taken as soon as possible (within 72 hours) after a single potential exposure to HIV to prevent the virus from establishing.

ART (Antiretroviral therapy)

A standard daily combination treatment for people living with HIV that suppresses viral replication and lowers viral load to undetectable levels.

Structural adjustment programs (SAPs)

Conditions attached to IMF financial loans requiring borrowing countries to restructure their economies through stabilization, liberalization, deregulation, and privatization.

Medical voyeurism

The practice of visiting resource-poor settings or observing patients out of curiosity or for personal resume-building without reciprocal benefit.

Medical tourism

Patients traveling from high-income countries to low- or middle-income countries specifically to receive medical procedures.

Horizontal approach

A healthcare strategy focusing on a broad range of issues, emphasizing prevention, driven by communities, and integrated into sustainable national systems.

Primary Health Care (PHC)

A comprehensive health model viewing health as a fundamental human right, aiming for health equity and community empowerment.

Selective Primary Health Care (SPHC)

A cost-effective model prioritizing fast, measurable results and targeted high-mortality groups using narrow vertical packages like GOBI-FFF.

GOBI-FFF

A UNICEF framework for selective primary health care consisting of Growth monitoring, Oral rehydration therapy, Breastfeeding, Immunizations, Food supplementation, Female literacy, and Family planning.