Exploring Psychology Myers 10th Edition Chapter 10-Motivation and Emotion

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivate behavior

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

physiological needs

needs to satisfy hunger and thirst

safety needs

need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

belongingness and love needs

need to love and be loved to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and sparation

esteem needs

need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

self-actualization needs

need to live up to our fullest and unique potential

self-transcendence needs

need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

instinct theory/evolutionary psychology

there is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior (such as birds building nests or infants rooting for a nipple)

arousal theory

our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need (such as our yearning for stimulation and our hunger for information).

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard.

grit

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

set point

the point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight.

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.

Cannon-Bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

two-factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label that arousal

polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions.

arcuate nucleus

secretes hormones that make us hungry (responds to low sugar levels)

ventromedial hypothalamus

responds to high sugar levels