Sensory ll post lab quiz

An age related eye disease that affects central vision

What is macular degeneration?

A condition where the cornea bulges into a cone shape

What is keratoconus?

Blindness due to progressive diseases involving an increase in eye pressure

What is glaucoma?

An inherited condition that causes the cells in your retina to gradually stop working

What is retinitis pigmentosa?

The macula at the back of the eye begins to waste away

Mechanism for macular degeneration

Weakening of corneal structure and breakdown of collagen lead to increased intraocular pressure and bulging of cornea into cone shape

Mechanism for keratoconus

Aqueous humor built up in the eye causes pressure, damaging the optic nerve

Mechanism for glaucoma

Photoreceptors gradually start to fail, so images sent to the brain become unable to be interpreted

Mechanism for retinitis pigmentosa

blurred vision, dark spot infield of vision, lines appear distorted

Symptoms of macular degeneration

Distorted vision, halos around bright lights, double vision in one eye

Symptoms of keratoconus

blurred vision, eventual loss of side vision, blind spots in peripheral vision

symptoms of glaucoma

night blindness, bright light sensitivity, tunnel vision

symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa

high intraocular pressure, family history, long use of corticosteroids

risk factors for glaucoma

smoking, obesity, eye trauma

risk factors for retinitis pigmentosa

osteogenesis imperfecta, down syndrome, congenital eye disorder (anirida)

risk factors for keratoconus

smoking, obesity, hypertension, family history

risk factors for macular degeneration

photodynamic therapy (wet), laser photocoagulation (wet), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (anti-VEGF)

treatments for macular degeneration

glasses/contacts, cornea transplant surgery, corneal collagen cross-linking

treatments for keratonconus

ocular hypertension medicine, beta blockers, and laser therapy

treatments for glaucoma

retinal prosthesis, vitamin A supplements, gene therapy

treatments for retinitis pigmentosa

perimetrium, connective tissue (pelvic wall)

What is the outermost layer of the uterus and what is it’s tissue?

myometrium, which is a smooth muscle used for contractions during labor

what in the middle layer of the uterus and what is its function?

Endometrium, composed of stratum basal and stratum functionale, acts as the site for implantation of zygote.

what is the innermost layer of the uterus, what is it made of and what does it do?

the stratum basale replaces the stratum functionale when it sheds each month during menstruation.

what is the relationship between stratum basale and stratum functionale?

retina, choroid, and sclera

what are the layers of the eye?

replaced constantly in the anterior cavity, it is important for eye nourishment, intraocular pressure, and is produced by the ciliary body

what is aqueous humor, what cavity is it in, and how often is it replaced?

we are born with it, so there is no replacement, it’s located in the posterior cavity, and it is a gel-like liquid that holds the retina in place

what is vitreous humor, what cavity is it in, and how often is it replaced?

the cornea

what part of the eye is responsible for 2/3 of refraction?

the lens

what part of the eye is responsible for 1/3 of refraction and accommodation?

regulates the lens thickness

what does the ciliary muscle do?

lubrication and protection

what is the conjunctiva responsible for?

this is where blood vessels and the optic nerve exit the eye - no photoreceptors are present

what is the purpose of the optic disk?

mostly cones and some rods

the macula lutea contains…

the site with the greatest visual acuity and high cone concentration

the fovea centralis is the site with what and contains mainly what?

loss of lens elasticity with age leading to a harder time accommodating with near vision

what is presbyopia?

ciliary muscles = relaxed, zonular fibers = tight, lens = flat

accommodation for FAR (what is happening to ciliary muscles, zonular fibers, and lens?)

ciliary muscles = contracted, zonular fibers = loose, lens = round and thick

accommodation for NEAR (what is happening to ciliary muscles, zonular fibers, and lens?)

emmetropia

what is normal vision called?

rays of light scattered throughout the eye caused by irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

what is astigmatism?

the focus point is behind the retina

where is the focus point in hyperopia?

myopia, diverging lens, concave lens, nearsighted

what does “my diving cave is near” stand for?

focus point is in front of retina

where is the focus point for myopia?

the eye being too long or the lens being too thin

what is myopia caused by?

eye is too short or lens is too thick

what is hyperopia caused by?

ingersoll model

what represents how eyes refract light?

decreases acuity

an increase in convergence in ganglion cells does what to acuity?

photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, out to optic nerve (cranial nerve 2)

visual pathway: PhBaG

no M cone (green) so green is seen as red

what is deuteranopia?

no L cone (red), so red is seen as green

what is protanopia?

lacks all cones, so it’s black and white vision

what type of colorblindness is achromatopsia?

an extra cone results in increased visual acuity

what is tetrachromacy?

red

L cone (562 nm)

green

M cone (530 nm)

blue

S cone (420 nm)

thins uterine lining, preventing implantation

what does progestin do?

causes no LH surge, resulting in no ovulation

what does moderate estrogen do for birth control?

follicular phase and luteal phase

the ovarian cycle consists of what two phases?

menstruation, proliferative phase, secretory phase

the uterine cycle consists of what three phases?

follicular phase

what phase in the ovarian cycle occurs before ovulation?

five to six weeks

reproductive structures are identical in male and female embryos until ___________ weeks

testosterone, eight

leydig cells begin releasing __________ at _________ weeks

Mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF)

what do sertoli cells secrete?

urogenital sinus, labioscrotal swelling, genital tubercle, and urethral folds

both genders have what four things?

testosterone is converted to dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) by 5 alpha-reductase

what is masculinization?