ch 7 lasy version

Hematology

The study of blood and its disorders

Hematocrit

% of total blood volume composed of RBC

Colloid

A liquid that contains floating particles

Serum

Fluid remaining after removal of blood cells and the formation of a clot; yellowish and contains all the proteins not associated with clotting

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Disk with edges that are thicker than and raised above a flattened center; transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Iron-containing pigment (heme) bound to a protein (globin)

Granulocytes

White blood cells containing a granular cytoplasm, made up of granules—sites for enzyme and chemical production

Neutrophils

55-65% of WBC; ingest bacteria, fungi, and some viruses

Neutropenia

Decreased neutrophils

Neutrophilia

Increased neutrophils

Eosinophils

2-4% of WBC; increase in response to allergic response

Basophils

<1% of WBC; release histamine to increase blood flow and heparin to prevent clotting

Agranulocytes

White blood cells with no granules

Monocytes

3-8% of WBC; become macrophages that ingest bacteria, dead neutrophils, and dead cells in the tissues

Lymphocytes

25-35% of WBC; produced in red bone marrow and migrate through bloodstream to lymphatic tissues

B Cells

Become plasma cells, stimulated by bacteria or toxins to produce antibodies or immunoglobulins

T Cells

Attach directly to foreign antigen-bearing cells like bacteria, secrete toxins to kill

Hemostasis

The control of bleeding to maintain homeostasis

Homeostasis

State of body's equilibrium

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Minute fragments of large bone marrow cells and small amount of granular cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane with no nucleus

Vascular Spasm

Temporary constriction of the injured blood vessels

Coagulation

Formation of a blood clot that traps cells, platelets, and fluid in fibrin network

Red Cell Antigens

Molecules on surface of RBCs

Rh Positive

You have the Rh antigen molecule on red cell surface

Rh Negative

You don't have the Rh antigen molecule on red cell surface

Physical Defense Mechanisms

Skin, mucous membranes, chemicals in perspiration, saliva, tears, hairs, cilia and mucus

Humoral Defense Mechanisms

Antibodies that bind to bacteria, toxins, and extracellular viruses and tag them for destruction

Cellular Defense Mechanisms

Based on defensive cells (lymphocytes) that directly attack suspicious cells

Lymphatic Follicles

Dense clusters of lymphocytes and other cells that are in lymph nodes, tonsils, and the ileum

Spleen

Largest lymphatic organ in L upper quadrant of abdomen

Tonsils

2 masses of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the upper part of the throat (oropharynx) that trap inhaled and ingested pathogens

Adenoids

Similar tissues on posterior wall of upper pharynx or nasopharynx

Thymus Gland

Small organ of the immune system located in the center of the upper chest; where T cells mature

Specificity

Directed against specific pathogens; if pathogen mutates, it becomes a new organism to the immune system

Memory

Responds quickly to a familiar pathogen

Discrimination

Learns the difference between self and foreign antigens

Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immunity

Lymphocytes directly attack foreign and disease cells and destroy them

Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immunity

B cells become plasma cells and produce antibodies (called immunoglobulins) which bind to an antigen and tag it for destruction

Complement System

Group of 20+ proteins in the plasma that bind to foreign cells with immunoglobulins and destroy them

Immunizations

Preventative method of stimulating immune system without exposing the body to an infection

Vaccine

An agent of antigenic components of a killed or attenuated microorganisms injected into the body

Anemia

Decreased RBC or amount of hemoglobin causing decreased O2 carrying capacity, producing SOB and fatigue

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Due to loss of blood from chronic bleeding in the GI tract, heavy menstrual cycle, or iron deficient diet

Pernicious Anemia (PA)

Due to B12 deficiency; hemoglobin cannot form; decreased RBC count, but increase in size of RBCs

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic disorder; RBCs form a rigid sickle shape causing agglutination leading to stroke, kidney failure, and heart failure

Hemolytic Anemia

Excessive destruction of RBCs resulting from toxic substances or incompatible blood transfusion

Aplastic Anemia

Bone marrow unable to produce sufficient new RBC, WBC, & Platelets

Polycythemia

Overproduction of RBCs by the bone marrow, unknown cause

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Hemolytic disease of newborn caused when maternal Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal red cells

Leukocytosis

Indicates presence of infection; WBC count >10,000/mm3

Infectious Mononucleosis

Caused by Epstein-barr virus (EBV), member of herpes family, transmitted by exchange of saliva

Leukemia

Cancer of the blood forming tissues producing high number of leukocytes and their precursors

Leukopenia

WBC count <5,000/mm3

Pancytopenia

Reduced RBC, WBC, and platelets or thrombocytes in the blood

Hemophilia A

Inherited disease in males from mom with deficiency in coagulation factor VIII

Von Willebrand Disease (vWD)

A protein deficiency of the factor VIII complex that is different from factor deficiency involved in hemophilia

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Severe bacterial infection activates clotting throughout cardiovascular system, affecting kidneys and leading to kidney failure

Thrombosis

Thrombus formation

Embolus

If thrombus breaks loose and moves through the circulation

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count

Purpura

Bleeding into the skin from small arterioles that produces a larger lesion than the tiny red spots or petechiae from capillary bleeds

Idiopathic Thrombocytic Purpura (ITP)

Immune system destroys the body's platelets; acute in children and chronic in adults

Lymphadenitis

Infection of lymph nodes, can be swollen and tender

Lymphadenopathy

Enlarged nodes

Lymphoma

Malignant growth of lymph organs, usually the nodes; symptoms include fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Cancer spreads in an orderly manner to adjoining lymph nodes

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

More common than Hodgkin lymphoma

Tonsillitis

Inflammation of tonsil or adenoid due to bacterial or viral infection

Splenomegaly

Enlarged spleen due to underlying disorder

Lymphedema

Swelling of tissue due to abnormal lymphatic drainage

Hypersensitivity

Excessive immune response to an antigen that is normally tolerated

Autoimmune Disorders

Abnormal reactions to your own tissues

Alloimmune Disorders

Reactions to tissues transplanted from another person

Anaphylaxis

Acute, immediate severe allergic reaction that could lead to shock if left untreated; treated with epinephrine

Anaphylactic Shock

More severe allergic reaction – trouble breathing, circulatory shock, possible death

Asthma

Triggered by allergens, air pollutants, drugs, emotions; bronchiole constriction leading to wheezing and coughing

Immunodeficiency

Deficient response of immune system where it fails to respond vigorously enough

Immunosuppression

Side effect of corticosteroids used in treatment to prevent transplant rejection and chemotherapy patients

Retrovirus

A virus with an RNA core

Pathogens

Microorganisms other than normal flora that invade the body and cause infection

Staphylococcus (Staph)

Harmless on skin, but causes infections in wounds or other normally sterile places

Streptococcus (Strep)

Cause of sore throat

Pneumococcus

Cause of pneumonia

Coliform

Bacteria that live in GI tract but cause infections elsewhere, such as urinary tract

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; resistant to antibiotics normally used to treat staph infections

Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

When antibiotics destroy normal gut flora, C. diff can take over and release toxins, causing diarrhea and abdominal pain

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Types, numbers, and size of cells in the blood

Complement Fixation Test

Amount of antibody in serum or CSF to viral and fungal infections

Challenge Tests

Allergist administers a small amount of allergen orally and monitors its effect

Immunotherapy (Biologic Therapy)

Boosts body's natural defenses against cancer to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells and stop cancer from metastasizing

Human Immunoglobulins

Injection to confer passive/temporary immunity that provides immediate protection lasting several weeks

Lymphadenectomy

Removal of nodes