BIO 122 - Exam 3 - Ch10: Cell Division and Cancer

A cell grows larger, produces additional cytoplasm, and begins making new organelles before copying its DNA. Which stage is it in?

G1 phase

A scientist observes a cell copying its DNA so that each chromosome will have two identical sister chromatids. When does this occur?

S phase

A cell has finished copying its DNA and is completing its final preparations before division. Which phase is occurring?

G2

During cell division, chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell. Which stage of mitosis is occurring?

Metaphase

A cell's sister chromatids are being pulled toward opposite ends of the cell. During which stage of mitosis does this occur?

Anaphase

A cell’s chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, and new nuclear membranes begin forming around them. Which stage is occurring?

Telophase

A cell has severe, irreparable DNA damage. Checkpoints trigger the cell to destroy itself instead of producing more damaged cells. What is this process called?

Apoptosis

A person has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation that affects their cells’ ability to repair damaged DNA. How can this mutation increase their risk of developing cancer?

Additional mutations can accumulate in their cells, potentially leading to cancer

What is the primary function of cell cycle checkpoints?

To monitor cell cycle progress and stop progression when problems arise

What is the centromere’s role during cell division?

It holds sister chromatids together

A scientist observes spindle structures attaching to chromosomes and helping pull sister chromatids apart. What are the structures called?

Mitotic spindle

A patient’s tumor is cancerous, and its cells can spread to distant organs. Which statement best describes the tumor?

It is malignant and can metastasize

A patient’s cancer is confined to its original location and has not spread. Which stage most closely matches this description?

Stage I

Cancer has grown larger and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes or other tissues. Which stage best fits this description?

Stage III

A patient’s cancer has spread from its original location to the other parts of the body. What stage is it most likely in?

Stage IV

What does the term oncogene refer to?

A gene that causes cancer

A person develops cancer after accumulating genetic mutations throughout their lifetime. What type of cancer is this?

Sporadic cancer

What is the difference between sporadic cancer and inherited cancer?

Sporadic cancer develops from mutations acquired during a person’s lifetime, while inherited cancer involves a cancer-associated mutation passed down from a parent

A surgeon removes a solid tumor that was detected early and is confined to one location. Which conventional cancer treatment is being used?

Surgery

A patient’s cancer has spread to multiple areas of the body. The doctor chooses a treatment that uses toxic drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells throughout the body. Which treatment is being used?

Chemotherapy

A cancer treatment uses high-energy beams to damage the DNA of cells in a targeted area. What is this treatment?

Radiation therapy

A treatment helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. Which approach is being used?

Immunotherapy

A patient's cancer depends on hormones for growth. The treatment blocks those hormones to slow the cancer. Which treatment is being used?

Hormone therapy

After an intensive cancer treatment, a patient body needs help producing new cells. What treatment may support regeneration?

Stem cell therapy

Why can a person born with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation developed cancer at a younger age than someone without that inherited mutation?

They are born with a cancer-predisposing mutation and need fewer additional mutations that cause cancer

A patient is told that a cancer is benign. Which statement best describes this finding?

The tumor is noncancerous

A cell accumulates mutations that interact with its cell cycle checkpoints. It continues dividing even when serious problems arise. How can this contribute to cancer?

It disrupts cell cycle checkpoint control, allowing abnormal cell division that may lead to cancer

A cell has finished mitosis, and its chromosomes have been separated into two nuclei. However, the cell has not yet divided its cytoplasm. Which process still needs to occur to form two separate daughter cells?

Cytokinesis

A student is comparing the locations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Which statement is correct?

BRCA1 is on chromosome 17, and BRCA2 is on chromosome 13

A patient’s cancer begins in the breast and later spreads to the bones. What is this process called?

Metastasis (Metastatic)