exam 6 ch.11 radt 145

Artery

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart; usually oxygenated

Vein

Blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart; usually oxygen-poor

Capillary

Smallest blood vessel; connects arterioles and venules and allows exchange between blood and tissues

Arteriole

Small branch of an artery that leads to capillaries

Venule

Small branch of a vein that carries blood from capillaries to veins

Pulmonary artery

Carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs; the major artery that carries deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary vein

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Aorta

Largest vessel in the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

Superior vena cava

Carries oxygen-poor blood from the head, arms, and upper body to the right atrium

Inferior vena cava

Carries oxygen-poor blood from the lower body to the right atrium

Carotid arteries

Supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck

Coronary arteries

Supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

Atrium

Upper receiving chamber of the heart

Ventricle

Lower pumping chamber of the heart

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae

Right ventricle

Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs

Left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation through the aorta

Septum

Muscular wall separating the right and left sides of the heart

Tricuspid valve

Right atrioventricular valve between right atrium and right ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Semilunar valve directing blood from right ventricle to pulmonary artery

Mitral valve

Bicuspid or left atrioventricular valve between left atrium and left ventricle

Aortic valve

Semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta

Cardiac valves

Permit blood flow in one direction and prevent backflow

Blood flow through the heart

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

Myocardium

Middle muscular layer of the heart; thickest working layer

Endocardium

Innermost smooth lining of the heart

Pericardium

Double-walled sac surrounding the heart

Parietal pericardium

Outer layer of the pericardial sac

Visceral pericardium

Inner pericardial layer closely covering the heart

Interatrial septum

Wall between the right and left atria

Cardiac cycle

All events associated with one complete heartbeat

Systole

Contraction phase of the heartbeat

Diastole

Relaxation phase of the heartbeat

Cardiac output

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

Pulse

Heartbeat felt through the walls of arteries

Sinoatrial node

SA node; normal pacemaker of the heart

Atrioventricular node

AV node; conductive tissue receiving impulses from the atria

Atrioventricular bundle

Bundle of His; conductive tissue carrying impulses toward the ventricles

Conduction system

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiate and conduct electrical impulses

Heart block

Delay or interruption of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles

Cardiac pacemaker

Implanted device using low-energy impulses to maintain a normal heart rhythm

Biventricular pacemaker

Special pacemaker that synchronizes contraction of the right and left ventricles

ECG/EKG

Test recording the electrical activity of the heart

P wave

Represents atrial electrical activation originating at the SA node

QRS complex

Represents ventricular electrical activation

T wave

Associated with ventricular recovery or relaxation

Heart sounds

Lub-dub sounds produced by closure of heart valves

Murmur

Extra or abnormal heart sound caused by disturbed blood flow

Auscultation

Listening to internal body sounds with a stethoscope

Stethoscope

Instrument used to listen to sounds in the chest

Sphygmomanometer

Instrument used to measure blood pressure

Blood pressure

Force of blood pushing against arterial walls

Systolic pressure

Top blood pressure number; highest pressure during ventricular contraction

Diastolic pressure

Bottom blood pressure number; lowest pressure while the ventricles relax and fill

Carbon dioxide

Metabolic waste product released into blood and exchanged for oxygen in the lungs

Hypoxia

Deficient oxygen in body tissues

Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of skin caused by inadequate oxygen in the blood

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening of arteries

Atherosclerosis

Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to fatty plaque

Atheroma

Mass of yellowish fatty plaque

Hypercholesterolemia

High cholesterol levels in the blood

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of a blood vessel

Vasodilation

Widening of a blood vessel

Arterial anastomosis

New connection between arteries

Cardiomyopathy

Disease of heart muscle

Cardiomegaly

Enlargement of the heart

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein

Tachycardia

Abnormally rapid heartbeat

Bradycardia

Heart rate slower than normal; fewer than 60 beats per minute in an adult at rest

Arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

Mitral stenosis

Narrowing of the mitral valve

Mitral valvulitis

Inflammation of the mitral valve

Valvuloplasty

Surgical repair of a heart valve

Thrombolysis

Breakdown or dissolution of a clot

Phlebotomy

Incision into a vein

Flutter

Rapid but regular atrial or ventricular contractions

Fibrillation

Very rapid, random, ineffective, irregular contractions of the heart

Atrial fibrillation

Chaotic irregular atrial contractions that increase risk of stroke and heart failure

Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricles quiver without effective pumping; a life-threatening form of cardiac arrest

Palpitations

Uncomfortable awareness of abnormal or forceful heartbeat

Digoxin

Drug used to strengthen the heartbeat and treat some arrhythmias

Defibrillation

Electrical shock used to stop ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia

Congestive heart failure

Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs

CHF signs and symptoms

Shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, and edema

HFrEF

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

LVAD

Left ventricular assist device; mechanical pump that may serve as a bridge to heart transplant

BNP

Brain natriuretic peptide; elevated in heart failure

BNP test

Blood test measuring BNP to help evaluate heart failure

Coronary artery disease

Disease of coronary arteries usually caused by atherosclerosis

Thrombotic occlusion

Blockage of a blood vessel by a clot

Ischemia

Decreased or stopped blood flow to tissue

Necrosis

Death of tissue

Infarction

Area of dead tissue caused by inadequate blood supply

Myocardial infarction

Heart attack; death of myocardial tissue

Acute coronary syndrome

Conditions caused by myocardial ischemia, including unstable angina and MI

Unstable angina

Chest pain at rest or occurring with increasing frequency

Angina pectoris

Chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia

Nitroglycerin

Nitrate drug used to relieve angina

Aspirin

Helps prevent platelet clumping