history cold war (lesson 7 - berlin wall)
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when was germany divided
1949
how much east germans fled to west germany
around 2.7mil
why were people unhappy in east
low living standards, shortage of supplies & surveillance
what type of people mainly fled from the east
skilled & educated people such as teachers
name a problem for the ussr during the refugee crisis
economic weakness in east germany
when was khrushchev’s ultimatum
1958
how long did the west have to leave berlin
6 months
name a reason for the ultimatum
stop people fleeing to frg, reduce western influence
what type of city did khrushchev want berlin to be
a ‘free city’
what would ussr do if the west did not cooperate
they would close off transport routes to berlin
what was the trick in khrushchev’s ultimatum
it forced the west to recognise east germany as a legitimate independent state
what happened between 1959-1961
the summits began between usa & ussr
what was the first summit and when
geneva - 1959
was an agreement reached in the first summit
no
who invited khrushchev to usa
eisenhower
where was the second summit and when
camp david -1959
what was agreed in the second summit
withdrawal of berlin ultimatum
how were the relations after second summit
improved slightly
where was the third summit and when
paris - 1960
what overshadowed third summit
u-2 spy plane incident
what was the u-2 spy plane incident
ussr shot down usa spy plane
who was the pilot of the spy plane
gary powers
did usa apologise at the summit
no, he refused
who walked out at the paris summit
khrushchev
what happened to tensions after paris summit
increased tensions
where was the fourth summit and when
vienna - 1961
who was representing usa at the fourth summit
jfk
how did khrushchev view kennedy
young & weak & hoped he could ‘push him around’
what did jfk increase and by how much
defence spending and by $2bill
how were the relations after fourth summit
strained
when was berlin wall built
aug 1961
why was the wall built
to stop east germans fleeing to west
what was the barrier originally made out of
barbed wire
how long was the wall
165km
what was the wall defended by
watchtowers & guards barbed wire & fences minefields & dogs
what was an impact of the wall
families separated
how much people died trying to cross wall
around 138
when did jfk visit berlin
1963
name an extract from jfk’s famous speech
‘ich bin ein berliner’
consequences of berlin wall
germany divided, stopped refugee crisis, increased cold war tensions
name a negative for the usa from the berlin wall
people couldn’t escape communist east germany
name a negative for khruschev from the berlin wall
abandoned plans to unite germany & showed communism had to force people to stay
name a positive for the usa
proof that ussr couldn’t do anything about western control in frg
name a positive for ussr
showed their determination to ensure communism stayed
what symbol did jfk turn the berlin wall into
a symbol of ussr oppression
name a negative for international relations
summits had failed & iron curtain was made real
name a positive for international relations
wall settled argument & made war between west and east less likely