Python Programming - Second Exam Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Python modules, string manipulation, containers, conditional branching, loops, precedence rules, and cybercrime concepts.

Module

A file containing Python code, functions, and definitions that can be imported and executed in other programs.

import

A Python statement that loads an external module so its attributes, functions, and classes can be accessed.

Dot notation

The syntax used to access a module's functions, methods, or attributes by writing the module name followed by a period and the component name.

Argument

A value passed into a function inside parentheses when invoking a function call.

String literal

A fixed sequence of characters explicitly specified within matching quotation marks in Python code.

len()

A built-in sequence function that returns the total count of elements or characters in a string, list, or container.

Concatenation

The operation of joining two or more strings together sequentially into a single string.

Container

A general data type or structure designed to store a collection of other objects or values.

List

A mutable, ordered container sequence in Python that can hold mixed data types, such as strings and numbers.

Index

An integer representing the zero-based positional location of an element within a sequential container.

append()

A list method that inserts a specified element at the very end of the existing list.

pop()

A list method that removes and returns an element at a specified index, defaulting to the final element if omitted.

remove()

A list method that locates and deletes the first occurrence of a specified matching value from a list.

Tuple

An ordered sequence container in Python whose elements cannot be modified, added, or removed after creation.

Immutable

A property of a data structure, such as a tuple, meaning its internal contents cannot be altered once instantiated.

Set

An unordered container collection containing only unique elements, commonly utilized to eliminate duplicate entries.

Dictionary

A container data type that stores values associated with unique keys in an associative key-value relationship.

Key:value pair

The fundamental entry format of a dictionary, where a unique identifier key maps directly to an associated value.

Equality operator ($==$)

A relational operator that compares two operands and evaluates to True if their values are identical.

Inequality operator ($!=$)

A relational operator that evaluates to True if two operands do not share the exact same value.

Relational operators

Operators such as $<$, $<=$, $>$, and $>=$ used to compare values and establish relational order.

Logical operators

The Boolean keywords and, or, and not used to combine or invert logical conditions and expressions.

Membership operators

The operators in and not in used to test whether a value is present or absent within containers such as lists, tuples, or dictionaries.

Precedence rules

The established hierarchy determining the order of evaluation in an expression: grouping parentheses first, arithmetic operators next, relational operators, and logical operators last.

Code block

A group of programming statements that execute together, marked in Python by a shared indentation level (typically four spaces).

Conditional expression

An inline construct structured as expr_when_true if condition else expr_when_false that returns one of two values based on a Boolean test.

Loop body

The indented block of code within a loop structure that is executed repeatedly during each iteration.

Iteration

A single complete execution of the statements contained within a loop body.

While loop

A looping control structure that repeatedly executes its code block as long as a specified Boolean test condition evaluates to True.

Shorthand operators

Compound assignment operators ($+=$, $-=$, $*=$, and $/=$) used to reassign and calculate updated variable values efficiently (e.g., $i += 1$).

Cybercrime

Criminal acts and illegal operations committed using computers, digital devices, or network networks.

Financial fraud

A cybercrime category focused on using deception, theft, or unauthorized access to obtain monetary or economic assets illegally.

Cyberterrorism

The deployment of cyberattacks against computers, networks, or critical systems to intimidate or inflict harm for ideological or political purposes.

Cyberwarfare

State-sponsored or politically motivated digital attacks aimed at compromising, stealing, or disabling an adversary state's computer and information networks.

Computer as a target

A form of cybercrime where computer hardware, data, or network systems themselves are the focus of an attack, such as via malware or denial-of-service.

Computer as a tool

A form of cybercrime where computing systems are utilized as an instrument to execute offenses such as identity theft, communication fraud, or illicit sales.