Flashcards Developmental Psych Pt. 2, Social Psychology Pt. 1, Social Psychology Pt. 2, Developmental Psych Pt. 1

What is cognitive development?

The process by which mental abilities change over time (over stages)

What are schemas?

Mental structures that guide your interpretation of concepts and events (mental framework)

What is assimilation?

Mental process that incorporates new info into existing schemas

What is accommodation?

Mental processes that modifies schemas in order to accommodate new information

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

-Sensorimotor (0-2): Object permanence, sensorimotor intelligence

-Preoperational (2-6/7): Play, egocentrism, animalistic thinking, magical thinking, irreversibility

-Concrete Operational (7-11): Conservation, mental operations

-Formal operational (12+): Abstract thinking, problem-solving skills

What were elements of Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

-Private speech (children's silent inner speech is a foundation for cognitive processes)

-Zone of Proximal Development (gap between what someone can do independently v. dependently) -> Scaffolding (temporary support for skill building)

What is adolescence?

Developmental period beginning at puberty and ending at adulthood

What is rites of passage?

Social rituals/ceremonies that usually take place around puberty and serve as a public acknowledgement of the transition from childhood to adulthood (ex. quinceañeras)

What is puberty and what cognitive changes occur during this stage?

Onset of sexual maturity. Info processes through amygdala rather than frontal cortex, preoccupation with body image and sex

What is identity vs. role confusion (Erikson's take on adolescence)

Identity: Defining who you are, committing to beliefs & communities, exploration, resolution of "identity crisis"

Role Confusion: Lack of direction & self definition, unresolved psychosocial conflicts, unprepared for adulthood challenges

What are the four parts of Erikson's Identity Model?

Achievment: healthy exploration and achieves

Moratorium: similar to achievement, less exploration

Foreclosure: decide to be this thing (can emerge from family pressure)

Diffusion: completely confused

What are Erikson's Psychosocial Stages?

Trust vs. Mistrust: Trusting caregivers vs. fearing others.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: Independence vs. self-doubt and embarrassment.

Initiative vs. Guilt: Taking initiative vs. feeling guilty.

Industry vs. Inferiority: Accomplishment vs. feeling inadequate.

Identity vs. Role Confusion: Finding identity vs. uncertainty about oneself.

Intimacy vs. Isolation: Close relationships vs. loneliness and isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation: Contributing to society vs. feeling unproductive.

Integrity vs. Despair: Life satisfaction vs. regret and disappointment.

What are the three parts of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development?

Preconventional Level, Conventional Level, Post Conventional/Principled Level

Explain the Preconventional level of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Morality based on personal consequences.

Stage 1 - Punishment and Obedience: Right = avoiding punishment.

Stage 2 - Instrumental Purpose: Right = what benefits me.

Explain the Conventional level of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Morality based on social expectations and rules.

Stage 3 - Good Boy/Good Girl: Right = gaining approval from others.

Stage 4 - Social-Order-Maintaining: Right = following laws and rules.

Explain the Post Conventional/Principled level of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Morality based on personal ethical principles.

Stage 5 - Social Contract: Laws should protect people's rights; unjust laws can change.

Stage 6 - Universal Ethical Principles: Following universal principles of justice and human rights, even against laws.

What did Harlow find while investigating Contact Comfort?

The stimulation and reassurance derived from physical touch (monkey & comfort cloth vs. survival wire mothers)

What did Bowlby discover while investigating attachment?

-Inspired by Lorenz (Geese, imprinting studies)

-Infants have built in behaviors that help keep parents nearby to protect from danger and provide support exploring

-Affectionate bonds form overtime

What did Ainsworth discover while researching attachment?

-Observation of infants responses to brief separations and reunions with parent in an unfamiliar playroom

-Identified a secure attachment pattern and three patterns of insecurity

What are the four attachment styles Ainsworth found in the "Strange Situation"

-Secure attachment (seeks comfort from caregiver, greets happily on return, easily soothed).

-Avoidant attachment (avoid or slow to greet on return)

-Resistant/anxious attachment (hitting/punching on return)

-Disorganized/Disoriented attachment (at reunion shows confused/contradictory behaviors - approaching apprehensively at return)